Reading Summary Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

Understanding Summary - Article Example All the more likewise, it additionally merges changes to how the United States economy is estimated along with extra source information. The GDP and the national records assessments center around monetary statistics data from a general perspective and whatever other information that is available only once in like clockwork. Besides, the trouble lies in making a framework and systems that utilize these budgetary enumeration information. Likewise, it merges them utilizing a mosaic of month to month, quarterly, and yearly fiscal markers to make quarterly and yearly GDP gauges. Examinations of GDP start with a total update appraisal, otherwise called a best-level measure, which is created once in like clockwork with the reference year normally a couple of years prior. If the genuine yield outperforms its likely level, at that point requests on limit begin to tie, constraining further turn of events and prompting inflationary weight. For the situation that yield falls underneath potential, at that point resources are lying torpid, and swelling may fall. Releasing of Genuine GDP information happens month to month and is reports of quarterly development. A month after the quarter closes, the first is evacuated. As more data come in, the subsequent report is given at the finish of the second month from quarters end, as a last report showing up at the last purpose of the quarter. (Landefeld, Seskin, and Fraumeni, 2008) The principal troubles sketched out in the article consolidate the nonappearance of adequate information estimating in the administrations and organizations area. The second arrangement of troubles relates to the progression of better estimation techniques for parts that are, by their qualities, hard to esteem. The weight for offering information to national benefits all the more quickly will simply develop. With everything taken into account, it is worth to communicate that Measuring GDP for the United States economy is trustworthy working for the progression. Since Bureau

Much Ado About Nothing Essay -- essays research papers

	Much Ado About Nothing is a play that revolves around the inquiry and fight among duplicity and reality. One first notification of the picture of double dealing as we witness the concealing and exposing at the disguise. In the play, most catch conversations are trickeries. It is through listening in that we see the genuine fight among trickery and reality as we take a gander at the subplots of Benedick and Beatrice, Hero and Claudio, just as the satire of Dogberry and his team. 	 The connection among Benedick and Beatrice is one produced totally through trickery for the benefit of their companions. In spite of the fact that the plot to join them was arranged, huge numbers of the issues that emerged were a direct result of things that were caught inadvertently or intentionally. In Act II, Scene 3 Benedick is hoodwinked into imagining that Beatrice adores him due to the discourse in the nursery between Leonato, Claudio, and Don Pedro. Beatrice is sent to get Benedick for supper, and Benedick notes "some characteristics of affection in her," and he chooses to take feel sorry for upon her and return her adoration. In Act III, Scene 1 Beatrice is tricked as she catches Hero and Ursula discuss Benedick's warmth for her. Beatrice at that point chooses to permit herself to be subdued by Benedick's "loving hand," and return his adoration. Beatrice and Benedick re made to experience passionate feelings for through the tr ickiness of everyone around them, and unexpectedly discover satisfaction more promptly than Claudio and Hero. 	The connection between Clau...

Job Offer Too Low Use These Key Salary Negotiation Techniques to Write a Counter Proposal Letter

Job Offer Too Low Use These Key Salary Negotiation Techniques to Write a Counter Proposal Letter If you’ve received a job offer that doesn’t quite hit the mark, it’s time to counter it. And if you don’t feel like negotiating the salary in person, you can opt for writing a counter proposal letter.A counter proposal letter is your ability to respond to the job offer in a written format. It will help you outline your reasons for continuing negotiations and making your case for a specific, more acceptable job offer.This guide will help you write a counter proposal letter that gets results. The guide consist of the following sections:Taking your time to consider the offerDoing your research to support your counter proposalConsider non-salary items as part of your requestFocusing on your value in the letterSuggesting the right figureTalking about the offer in styleShowcasing enthusiasmUsing the right kind of languageAt the end of the guide, you’ll find a template and an example letter to help you with your writing.So, let’s get started! TAKE YOUR TIME TO CONSIDER THE OFFE RBefore you start writing your counter proposal, it’s important to step back for a moment and consider. You don’t want to make hasty decisions when it comes to something as important as this.When you receive an offer, the most important thing is to ask for time to review it and to ponder your options. By taking this time to analyse and consider your options, you allow yourself to better respond to it. Your response will end up being more coherent and thorough. This will be key to getting what you want with these negotiations.Taking time will also send a message to the employer and show them you’re not in a rush to accept. They will know you won’t just accept whatever they throw your way â€" you take the crucial step of highlighting that you understand your worth and you are looking to negotiate.So, when you receive an offer, you’re first response should just be to thank the organization and ask if it’s OK for you to review it over the next few days. You can do this in pe rson or in writing. The key is to mention the following:Thank for the offerRe-iterate the main points of the offer (especially if not in writing)Say you’ll be reviewing the offer over the next two days (never ask for over a week) and responding to it afterRemember to then use the time to actually think about the offer. Be specific about the parts that disappoint you and those that might not. You want to sleep on your decisions to make sure you listen to your heart and your head.DO YOUR RESEARCHYou’ll then need to move on to conducting research. Research is an important part of negotiating your salary because you won’t know whether an offer is worth accepting or not if you don’t know your worth.You can’t ask for more money just because you ‘feel’ like it or you ‘need’ more. The reason for your rejection must be based on facts. You can’t ask for more without having something to back your argument.You need to focus your research on the following points:What are your particular skills and experience worth?What are the averages for the role and the industry?What kind of financial situation is the company in and what are the typical salaries for its employees?To learn more about all those three points, you should use online resources to your advantage. Here are a few websites that offer free information and salary calculators for you to use:Know Your Worth Tool at Glassdoor.comSalary Survey at PayScale.comLinkedIn SalaryIndeed Salary SearchSalary.comYou also want to study the company slightly and check if they’ve been in the news lately or if they are hiring a lot. Your counter proposal must be realistic and therefore, if you find the company is in debt and has laid off multiple people recently, you probably won’t be able to expect a huge improvement to your salary (but you might be able to negotiate other perks!).Then, once you’ve done the research, you can examine the offer and how it matches your findings. Since you’ve found the job of fer to be too low, compare it with your findings. Is it low compared to industry standards? Is it low in the terms of the location average? Is it low in terms of your experience?When you know the answer and you have an idea of just how ‘low’ the offer is, you can start thinking about the next steps. You should use the research to:Determine the acceptable range, and consider the averages in the role and your unique skills and experience.Gather facts to support your counter proposal.So, instead of just figuring a counter proposal figure, you can use the information to support your argument. You won’t need to write your proposal with you just asking a random figure that’s more than they offered. You can say with evidence why you think their offer is too low and you want more.What this research does is help you write things like:“According to my market research, the average salaries for the position fall between $100k-140k. Therefore, the proposed $80k falls short and I would be happier to discuss a salary closer to $110k.”CONSIDER ACCEPTABLE NON-SALARY ITEMSWhen you’re considering the proposal, it’s important to focus on other benefits and perks aside from the salary. Even if the offer is too low in terms of the salary, you might be able to negotiate other perks that make the offer slightly more appealing to you.Non-salary items can be a good way of making a job more enjoyable and motivating. They can be good things to add to your counter proposal because they show the employer you are willing to negotiate beyond just the salary. You showcase the all-important negotiating tactic: the ability to compromise.The non-salary items might not always be the most important at the start. But you definitely want to keep in them in mind and especially if you encounter the moment where the employer says, they just can’t increase the salary.The non-salary items that many people negotiate include things like:Flexible work arrangements, including working from h ome or choosing your own work hoursHoliday perks such as paid vacation timeEmployee benefits such as free parking, food vouchers, gym memberships and so onBonuses and benefit schemes, like commissions and pension plansInsurance options such as health insurance, life insurance and so onAnother great benefit to consider is development schemes. It can be a good tactic to ask the employer to pay for training and development in the near future â€" this shows your enthusiasm for the role and it can allow you to develop your skillset for the future.If you have to relocate to the role, you should also consider negotiating relocation packages as part of your job offer. If you choose to do that, always remember to back it up with research and data. For example, explain that you have to move from the other side of the country, your living costs will increase due to the relocation and so on.You can do living standard research online. Check out the following tools and calculators:BankRate.com Co st of Living CalculatorPayScale.com Cost of Living CalculatorFOCUS ON YOUR VALUEThe focus of your counter offer letter should be in highlighting your value. It’s important to state to the employer you would be a valuable addition to the organization. And not just say it but also show it.You should go over the requirements for the role one more time, writing down the reasons you match those requirements. You can simply use a format like this for now:The skill needed for the role:My supporting argument for having it:Use a conversational tone when writing your example arguments. For instance, if the role requires good communication skill, write about your experience of running a helpline for five years.Then you can narrow it down to two-three sentences that highlight your skills and match the best. These should be the key things you think will drive up performance and help you shine.Of course, you want to showcase how you are even better than what the company was looking for. So, mak e sure you remind yourself of the ways you’d add value to the organization. The extra talent, skills and experience you would bring.You can think of this as your Unique Selling Point (USP). What is the one reason the company should hire you? You might already have this prepared for the interview. If you don’t, just think about it and write it down.The idea here is to make sure you can show why you are worth a specific amount of money. Your counter proposal shouldn’t just be to argue what you want but what the company is going to get by hiring you.You’ll need to have around four sentences of your value to the organization prepared for the letter.SUGGEST A FIGURE SLIGHTLY HIGHER SALARY THAN YOU’D ACCEPTIf you’ve received a job offer that’s too low, you shouldn’t make your counter offer exactly what you’d accept as the minimum. The company is already undervaluing you and it’s likely that they will either:Accept the low counter offer you make outright, orTry negotiat ing it even lower.Therefore, the figure you suggest should always be slightly higher than what you’d accept as the bare minimum. This gives you more room to negotiate and guarantees you don’t have to settle for something less than you deserve.Your earlier research will help you at this point. It’s important to remember here that your figure must reflect your worth but also be realistic in terms of what the employer can pay. So just asking for the moon and the stars is not beneficial or practical.Since you are making a counter offer, you shouldn’t try dancing around the subject. You want to go to the point and present the organization with an actual figure you’d like to negotiate. They’ve already offered a figure so now it’s your time to do the same â€" no one wants this process to last forever!Let’s say the employer has offered you $100k but you find the average salaries in the role to vary between $105k to $120k. You’ve done your research and it shows your specifi c skills and experience puts you to a $105k to $110k range. You then calculate that your red line is the lowest average pay, which is $105k. This is acceptable to you and your living standards, considering the role. But it’s not quite your ideal.Now, you don’t want to ask for this but your counter proposal should be closer to $108k. This is still not too high considering the initial offer but it also gives more room to negotiate.Of course, this all depends on how low the initial offer has been. If it’s clearly lower (+10-20%), then you have to consider whether it’s best to just tell the employer you find the offer rather disappointing and ask them for an altogether new offer.If it’s just slightly amiss, then you can offer a higher counter offer. You generally want to ask around 5% more if the job offer is too low â€" if it’s above your red line.TALK ABOUT THE ACCEPTABLE AND NON-ACCEPTABLE PARTS OF THE JOB OFFERIt would help your cause and negotiations to find something g ood about the offer. It’s always easier to continue negotiations if you can agree on something. So, go over the proposal and think if there areacceptable parts to itand get serious about the things that aren’t.You then want to take note of those things you don’t agree and which you want to negotiate further. This gives you the core of your letter.The things you should go over are:What is the proposed salary?Are there annual bonuses or commission?When is the salary review? Does it include an automatic increase if you hit targets?Do you have a relocation package?What are the other benefits?Your counter proposal should go over each of those points the employee offered and proposed. This has two functions. It will:Re-iterate the proposal and make sure you both are talking about the same issues.Help you focus on the pain points and the acceptable parts of the offer, giving you space to counter them.So, in your letter you want to outline each point and clearly state if you accept it or if you’d like to talk about it further. When you are pointing out things that are non-acceptable for you, the key is to back your reasoning and counter proposal with evidence.You can write down your thoughts on a chart like this:The job offer perk (such as salary):Acceptable or not?If not, what to offer and why?DON’T FORGET TO SHOW ENTHUSIASMYour letter should have an enthusiastic and positive tone. Surely, you are disappointed at the offer you’ve been handed but you don’t want to show this disappointment to the employer. Furthermore, even if you are not happy with the salary, you still want to make it clear that you are excited about the role.If you make it just about the money, the employer is likely to want to negotiate. They don’t want to hire someone who is there just for the paycheck. They want someone motivated and hardworking.On the other hand, if your counter proposal letter highlights your enthusiasm and genuine interest for the position, the employer will fe el more positive about negotiating further. They understand you’re serious about the role and they will listen to your concerns and arguments regarding the pay.Therefore, you have to start by thanking the employer for the opportunity and outlining your reasons for wanting the job. After you’ve done that, you can move onto the more serious issues regarding the pay.In addition, you should always conclude your counter proposal letter with another two things you’re most looking forward to in the role.Here are a few phrases that show enthusiasm and are, therefore, great to add to a counter proposal letter:I’m excited by the opportunity to work together/with you/in the organization.I’m eager to start working/beginning a project/implementing a new strategy.I’d be honored to be part of the team/organization.DON’T USE DEMANDING OR CONFRONTATIONAL LANGUAGEJust as you want to maintain an enthusiastic language, you also have to avoid getting confrontational about the pay. Even tho ugh you didn’t like the offer, you don’t want to come across demanding and rude.A good way of doing this is to avoid making demands. You don’t want to be asking for something but rather raising questions regarding the pay. Here are a few examples on how to do this (and what not to say):Good things to sayBad things to sayBased on the current market, I’d be happier with a salary closer to X.I feel that a salary of X would better represent the value I can bring to your organization.I would like to negotiate the salary further, as it currently doesn’t reflect my talent, considering the current market conditions.I need to have X amount.I can’t accept anything other than X.You either pay me X or I’ll reject this.Your letter shouldn’t read like a ransom note. Instead, you want it to be a conversation mover â€" something that doesn’t stall or end the negotiations but takes them from point A to point B.Above all, throughout your letter, your language must be respectful and polite. This isn’t the place for insults or ultimatums, no matter how much you hated the offer.After all, if you are respectful and nice, back your claims and request with evidence, then you are more likely to get a good response. And if the employer doesn’t agree, then you can just respectfully decline and move on to better job offers!When you’re writing your letter, you should also focus on avoiding phrases like “I know” and “Let me point out”. They feel confrontational. Instead, when you’re voicing a disagreement, say that “I understand” and “I can see where you’re coming from”. They show empathy and a real desire to compromise.AN EXAMPLE COUNTER OFFER LETTERYou know have all the tools to create a good counter proposal letter that gets results. Here are the final tips and an example letter to guide you in this mission.The template to useFirst, when you are writing your counter offer letter, you want to organise your letter in the following format:Introdu ctionEmphasize your interest in the company and the role.Include two to three reasons you’re the ideal candidate.Body of the letterReminder of the proposal on the table with clear mentions of the points you agree/accept and those you don’t.Clear statements of your counter offer and reasoning for it, backed with evidence.ConclusionEmphasize interest in the role again.Mention why your proposal is reasonable and the value you can bring.Offer to meet the employer/tell the employer can contact you.An example letterWith that in mind, here is an example letter to help you write your own proposal letter. While you shouldn’t copy it, you can use it as inspiration and guidance when writing.Dear Mrs Smith,I appreciate your offer of the position of Account Manager at the XYZ Company in New York. The opportunity to work in an exciting work environment is enticing. I believe my strong background in startup management and communications will help me improve your organizations Accounts depart ment. I hope to reach those sales goals we discussed during the interview!I found many parts of your offer acceptable but I would like to go over some of the points that I think need refining. Your suggested starting salary of $88k is 5% lower than I was expecting. The industry average also falls 5% higher and so I would like to propose an increase of 2.5%. I found your relocation offer of reimbursing all transport and property hunt related costs to be generous and I would like to accept them. However, I’m slightly concerned about the lack of credible pension plan option. I would like to discuss this with you further before accepting the job offer. Your proposed starting date was on the 22nd September but I wonder if this could be pushed further back by a week, considering we’re still negotiating the total compensation package.I’m looking forward to joining the team. I believe I can add value to the team through my 5 years of management experience. You can contact me at 123 32 1 to continue our discussion or, alternatively, reply to this e-mail.I look forward to hearing from you!Best regards, Mark MatsonSUCCEEDING WITH YOUR COUNTER PROPOSAL LETTERThe above points and strategies will help you write a counter proposal letter that gets success. The points guarantee you focus on the right issues, conduct proper research to back your requests and use a language that gets results.So take the tips and board and write a counter proposal letter that’ll help you get your dream job and the right compensation!

The Seismoscope Is One of the Great Chinese Inventions

There are few things more disconcerting than the sensation of the seemingly-solid Earth suddenly rolling and pitching beneath ones feet. As a result, humans have sought ways to measure or even predict earthquakes for thousands of years. Although we still cant accurately predict earthquakes, humans have come a long way in detecting, recording, and measuring seismic shocks. This process began nearly 2000 years ago, with the invention of the first seismoscope in China. The First Seismoscope In 132 CE, inventor, Imperial Historian, and Royal Astronomer Zhang Heng displayed his amazing earthquake-detection machine, or seismoscope, at the court of the Han Dynasty. Zhangs seismoscope was a giant bronze vessel, resembling a barrel almost 6 feet in diameter. Eight dragons snaked face-down along the outside of the barrel, marking the primary compass directions. In each dragons mouth was a small bronze ball. Beneath the dragons sat eight bronze toads, with their broad mouths gaping to receive the balls. We dont know exactly what the first seismoscope looked like. Descriptions from the time give us an idea about the size of the instrument and the mechanisms that made it work. Some sources also note that the outside of the seismoscopes body was beautifully engraved with mountains, birds, tortoises, and other animals, but the original source of this information is difficult to trace. The exact mechanism that caused a ball to drop in the event of an earthquake also is not known. One theory is that a thin stick was set loosely down the center of the barrel. An earthquake would cause the stick to topple over in the direction of the seismic shock, triggering one of the dragons to open its mouth and release the bronze ball. Another theory posits that a baton was suspended from the lid of the instrument as a free-swinging pendulum. When the pendulum swung widely enough to strike the side of the barrel, it would cause the closest dragon to release its ball. The sound of the ball striking the toads mouth would alert observers to the earthquake. This would give a rough indication of the earthquakes direction of origin, but it did not provide any information about the intensity of the tremors. Proof of Concept Zhangs wonderful machine was called houfeng didong yi, meaning an instrument for measuring the winds and the movements of the Earth. In earthquake-prone China, this was an important invention.   In one instance, just six years after the device was invented, a large quake estimated at a magnitude seven struck what is now Gansu Province. People in the Han Dynastys capital city of Luoyang, 1,000 miles away, did not feel the shock. However, the seismoscope alerted the emperors government to the fact that a quake had struck somewhere to the west. This is the first known instance of scientific equipment detecting an earthquake that had not been felt by humans in the area. The seismoscopes findings were confirmed several days later when messengers arrived in Luoyang to report a major earthquake in Gansu. ChineseSeismoscopes on the Silk Road? Chinese records indicate that other inventors and tinkerers in the court improved upon Zhang Hengs design for the seismoscope over the centuries that followed. The idea seems to have spread westward across Asia, probably carried along the Silk Road.   By the 13th century, a similar seismoscope was in use in Persia, although the historical record does not provide a clear link between the Chinese and Persian devices. It is possible that the great thinkers of Persia hit upon a similar idea independently.

What Must Be Done to Improve Ethics in Finance and...

U10A2- Essay Louise Pettiford What must be done to improve ethics in finance and corporate governance? Corporate governance can be referred to the rules, processes, or laws by which businesses are operated, regulated and controlled. It can also refer to internal factors defined by the officers, stockholders or constitution of a corporation. After finding the meaning of Corporate governance, which can also be referred to corporate responsibility, I thought about the policies in which the company I work for have. I work for Northrop Grumman, which is one of the leaders in global security. My company does strive to remain committed to maintaining the highest of ethical standards, embracing diversity and becoming an ideal corporate†¦show more content†¦When you think about corporate governance and the scandals that come to mind is Enron. This turned out to be scan in which Enron lied about its profits, shady dealings and concealing debts. A lot of regulations came down from the government regarding corporate responsibility and regulations. Big businesses had a lot of freedom to do what they wanted to do. Directors, Shareholders, and Presidents of companies needed to take another look at how their businesses were being run. What needs to change and what needs to be implemented so this doesn’t happen to us? The Securities and Exchange Commission voted on three measures that are intended to better inform and empower investors to improve corporate governance and help restore investor confidence. The Commission proposed requiring public companies receiving money from the Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP) to provide a shareholder vote on executive pay in their proxy solicitations .The Commission also voted to propose better disclosure of executive compensation at public companies in their proxy statements, and approved a New York Stock Exchange rule change to prohibit brokers from voting proxies in corporate elections without instructions from their customers. Congress passed the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (SOX) in an effort to protect U.S. capital markets and millions of American shareholders. SOX promote accountability and transparency inShow MoreRelatedLegal And Regulatory Environments And Ethics1712 Words   |  7 Pages1. Title: legal and Regulatory Environments and Ethics: Essential Components of a Fraud and Forensic Accounting Curriculum Forensic accounting is defined as the action of identifying, recording, settling, extracting, sorting, reporting, and verifying past financial data or other accounting activities for settling current or prospective legal disputes or using such past financial data for projecting future financial data to settle legal disputes. Forensic accountant are very important part of theRead MoreAn Interview With The Banking System Essay1408 Words   |  6 PagesAfter speaking to several of my former colleague at Chase, they mentioned The Banking System have made changes and is taking the necessary steps to improve their appearance. Many have moved to others Banks due to the stress. Michael Bane (2016, September 28), said he left and went to another bank due to the sales pressure and the constant reminder that he was under performing. In an interview with Britt, L (2016, September 28), J.P. Morgan Chase focus is now on customer service and numbers. MyRead MoreEssay about Enron: Who was at faul t?1664 Words   |  7 Pagesquestion- who was really at fault and what has been done to prevent it from happening again? The story of Enron begins in 1985, with the merger of two pipeline companies, orchestrated by a man named Kenneth L. Lay (Zellner Forest, 2001). In its 15 years of existence, Enron expanded its operations to provide products and services in the areas of electricity, natural gas as well as communications. Through its diversification, Enron would become known as a corporate America darling (Tonge, Greer LawtonRead MoreCorporate Governance2469 Words   |  10 PagesTABLE OF CONTENTS GOOD CORPORATE GOVERNANCE 2 †¢ OBSERVANCE OF GOOD CORPORATE GOVERNANCE 3 †¢ FAILURES OF CORPORATE GOVERNANCE 5 CORRUPTION 5 †¢ BENEFITS OF AVOIDING CORRUPT PRACTICES 6 CONCLUSION 8 REFERENCES 9 â€Æ' GOOD CORPORATE GOVERNANCE Governance in the Oxford dictionary is defined as â€Å"control or influence†, while corporate is defined as â€Å"shared by all members of the group†. 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Executive Summary This paper will reviews the extent to which corporate governance acts as efficient tool to protect investors against corporate fraud, thus contributing to summarize the literatures on role of corporate governance on preventing occurrence of corporate fraud. In a more recent study, corporate fraud is part of earnings manipulation done outside the law and standards. Whereas, the activitiesRead MoreTyco International: Leadership Crisis2216 Words   |  9 Pagesprevented this kind of situations most specially their role is to protect the firm’s shareholders from inappropriate or unethical situations. As a result, they faced consequences for their unethical behavior which is the decentralization of the corporate structure. The misconduct of Dennis Kozlowski, the former chairman of Tyco and Mark Swartz, the former CFO lead them 30 counts of corruption, conspiracy, fraud, conspiracy, grand larceny, and falsifying business records. While Mark Belnick , theRead MoreThe Essential Component of Corporate Governance9749 Words   |  39 PagesBusiness Ethics: The Essential Component of Corporate Governance John D. Sullivan, Ph.D. Executive Director, CIPE Aleksandr Shkolnikov, Program Officer, Global, CIPE Given ï ¬ nancial scandals and the resulting new mandates on business, ï ¬ rms ï ¬ nd themselves pressed to develop strong codes of ethics to guide the behavior of board members, managers, and employees. Although the concern with ethics has always been a part of doing business, business leaders today are beginning to think about ethics as a setRead MoreLeadership and Governance3973 Words   |  16 PagesReflective Journal: Leadership and Governance Introduction Reflective practice is a highly significant way to develop the skills of students (Pavlovich, Collins, Jones, 2007). Because it has value and can help students to focus on the issues they see in governance and leadership, it is a practice that should be undertaken by all students working toward a better understanding of management. In order to properly work within the confines of reflective practice, most students write a number ofRead MoreThe Role of Culture in the Economic Development of Countries3279 Words   |  14 Pagescultures impact on economic development through tourism, social capital, and corporate governance. In contrast, culture can produce negative outcomes in economic development. Cultural issues, such as gender inequality, lack of social capital, and diminishing cultural heritages, contribute to a downgrading economy. To understand cultures impact on a countrys economic development, it is important to understand what culture is: a system of values and norms that are shared among a group of people

University Study Skills Free Essays

Students need to make a number of adjustments when starting university. Critically discuss some of these adjustments in terms of skills brought with them, and new skills that must be developed. Draw on relevant SSK12 material in your essay. We will write a custom essay sample on University Study Skills or any similar topic only for you Order Now ————————————————- In this essay it will be argued that even though students may bring with them such skills as competence in writing secondary school essays and reports, good comprehension and grammar and motivation to succeed with them to university, there are other skills they will need to develop as well as refine those they already possess. The main skills which any new student will need to develop in order to succeed at university are critical thinking, which also includes critical reading, reflective thinking, learning independently and adjusting to the concept of the university culture which has its own languages and behaviours. New students are likely to experience a cultural clash as university possesses its own culture, and sub-cultures. Adjustments will have to be made with students needing to develop bicultural habits. As Kolb asserts, students entering higher education will have to engage in ‘learning how to learn’ (Kolb 1981). The lead-up to the first study period, as well as the first study period itself, of a student’s beginning in university can be a massive culture shock. Some students may develop the feeling of uncertainty as to whether they have made the right choice about pursuing higher education and whether they are even likely to succeed. This can be observed by reading some of the student comments on the SSK12 Facebook page during the first weeks of the first study period. In other cases we may see students that take on a particular discipline and after a period of time find that they no longer have a desire to pursue that discipline. There may be few opportunities for students in these positions to change disciplines. This is primarily due to the fact each discipline has its own sub-culture within the greater university culture. As Kolb has discussed, there are many faculties within the university, each have their own conventions that are unique to themselves such as language, values, ideas and norms (Kolb 1981). This impending transition may be too much for a student who has already had to become acculturated and has potentially experienced a culture shock. The average individual can be affected by several cultures, for example and not necessarily restricted to, culture of family, culture of the workplace and culture of religion. The culture of university is but one of the cultures that can make a big impact on the individual. Students are faced with a new workload that may come with a pace of instruction that is probably faster and more intense than what they may be used to. There is a potential to feel overwhelmed at first and ways to overcome this may be to develop habits of early preparation, prioritising and time management. There is an expectation that students need to be self-motivated and independent. There will be some guidance available but the general expectation is that the individual should know their own deadlines and the amount of study that is required. This may take some adjustment for individuals as they may be reeling from the cultural demands that university has already begun to place upon them. If they are studying more than one subject in their first study period they will have already potentially experienced the distinction in sub-cultures. For example, Ballard and Clanchy have noted that each sub-culture will have its own language and values and the new student will have to navigate themselves through an unsteady transition between cultures (Ballard and Clanchy 1988). Individuals also need to develop critical thinking as it is a cornerstone of university studies. Warren contends that critical thinking is necessary to university studies as an individual cannot â€Å"process information, form reasoned opinions, evaluate beliefs, construct positions, or articulate a thesis without the use of critical thinking† (Warren 1995, 4). I can support this through my own experience as critical thinking has been an important component of my university studies to date. One may see, however, that some individuals may have difficulties bringing themselves around to this mode of thinking as critical thinking involves developing an impersonal approach and attempting to put aside any biases that the individual may possess about particular subjects. Critical thinking may also involve critical reading and this may also be a foreign concept to the new student. One needs to get into the habit of identifying theses in readings rather than just ‘reading’ – ‘sorting the wheat from the chaff’, as it were. Once the thesis has been identified the argument then needs to be analysed and criticised. Any evidence within the reading needs to be assessed. Any conclusions reached need to be examined as well as whether they are supported by evidence. Any other alternatives also need to be considered. In short, the individual will need to read more widely than what they may be used to and in a more analytical fashion. Reflective thinking is another skill that students must develop as it is a valuable tool. Reflection is integral to learning and assists in critical thinking as it starts with being self-critical in order to learn and improve. As Marshall and Rowland assert, ‘thinking about your own thinking, or metacognition, will give you insights into how you go about your learning, and is important if you want to change or adapt study behaviours’ (Marshall and Rowland 2006 9). Warren further asserts that ‘critical thinking is necessary to learning. One cannot process information, form reasoned opinions, evaluate beliefs, construct positions, or articulate a thesis without the use of critical thinking. As such, the critical self is integral to learning itself’ (Warren 1995). Reflective thinking makes the individual ask themselves what may be working, what is not working and what may require improvement. Some students may already bring a form of this skill with them to university. I can support this through my personal experience in this area. I served in the police force for thirty years and the procedure in the police force was to conduct ‘debriefs’ of incidents that we were involved in. The police debrief was always framed in the format of discussing what went well and what could be done better. Every individual involved in that particular incident was expected to contribute. The expectation was that this process would lead to constant improvement in performance. It is a very similar process to reflection within university learning. One method of reflective thinking that students may learn a great deal from is through the keeping of a reflective journal, also known as a learning log. Pavlovich asserts that reflective journals are an invaluable aid in the development of self-awareness and inner leadership (Pavlovich 2007). The use of a reflective journal aids in developing the individual as a critical thinker as the very nature of its use forces the user to be critical of themselves and lead to change and improvement. Students will also need to develop the skill of speaking and writing in academic English. This is part of the acculturation to the university culture of which language is a major part. Students will have to learn very quickly to become bicultural. In their written work they will have to learn to avoid contractions and develop the passive voice over the active voice. Academic English is specific whereas informal English, that the student may be used, to is rather vague. Academic English is also often structured in a cautious manner whereas informal English is often structured in a more definite manner. Using my own personal experience to add support to this, I thought I had a reasonable grasp of formal English having come from the police force where, for example, great care goes into compilation of files for the prosecutors to proceed with, but I have also had to make adjustments and become bicultural through working on my own understanding and application of academic English. The new student may bring skills with them to university but they will be confronted with the need to refine these skills and indeed develop new skills in order to survive at university. Skills that will need to be developed will include the need for critical and reflective thinking, critical reading and adjustment to independent learning. Students will also have to become acculturated to university which possesses its own culture and sub-cultures which are separate to what they may be used to. REFERENCES Avruch, Kevin. 2002. Culture and Conflict Resolution. Washington: United States Institute of Peace Press. Ballard, Brigid, and John Clanchy. 1988. Literacy in the university: An ‘anthropological’ approach. In Literacy by Degrees, ed G. Taylor, et al. , 7-23. Milton Keynes: The Society for Research into Higher Education Open University Press. Beasley, Colin. 2012. Communicating at University. Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia. Bizzell, Patricia. 1986. What Happens When Basic Writers Come to College? College Composition and Communication. 37(3). Grant, Barbara. 1997. Disciplining Students: the construction of student subjectivities. British Journal of Sociology of Education, 18(1): 101-114. Hobson, Julia. 1996. â€Å"Concepts of the self: Different ways of knowing about the self†. SSK12 lecture transcript. Ed. Lorraine Marshall. Perth: Murdoch University. Kolb, David A. 1981. â€Å"Learning styles and disciplinary differences. † In The Modern American College. Ed. A. W. Chickerine Associates, 232-235 and 251-252. San Francisco: Jossey Bass. Marshall, Lorraine, and Frances Rowland. 2006. A guide to learning independently. th ed. Frenchs Forest, NSW: Pearson Education Australia. Pavlovich, Kathryn. 2007. The development of reflective practice through student journals. Higher Education Research and Development 26 (3): 281-295. Samovar, Larry A. , and Richard E. Porter. 2004. Communication Between Cultures. 5th ed. Belmont, California: Wadsworth/Thomson Learning. Vivekananda, Kitty, and Penny Shores. 1996. Uni is Easier When You Know H ow: Success Stories, Study Secrets, Strategies. Sydney: Hale and Iremonger. Warren, Karen. 1995. ‘The critical self’. Perth: Murdoch University. How to cite University Study Skills, Papers

Market Entry Srategies Strong Market Base

Question: Discuss about theMarket Entry Srategiesfor Strong Market Base. Answer: Introduction At the heart of successful marketing lies a comprehensive and successful market entry strategy that assures the firm of a strong market base. A market entry strategy refers to a well-planned method or strategy of delivering a firms product to a new target market. In the modern business arena the mode of marketing and the aspect business to business marketing has become widely adoptable. During the planning phase, a company must consider a variety of factors before choosing the appropriate market entry strategy which includes but not limited to the cost of marketing, barriers to entry, and the level of competition in the market. The factors that dictate the market entry strategy may be grouped into two broad categories; that is external and internal factors. While external factors comprise of market size, market growth, government regulations, the level of competition and physical infrastructure; internal factors, on the other hand, encompasses the objectives of the company, availabil ity of company resources, the level of competition, and the companys flexibility. Although two companies may have similar factors, the may choose entirely different market entry strategies. The essay aims at reflecting on how different models and marketing concepts in business to business marketing influences the choice of the market entry strategies. To address this the paper uses the case study of market penetration strategy in Egypt by the G4S - Cash360 Various models exist to explain the business behavior and how it affects the choice of the market entry strategy. Among the models includes the sheth model (1973), the model of Webster and Wind (1972), and the model of Robinson, Faris, and Wind (1972). Howard-Sheth model is arguably one of the most relevant models in marketing that serves to reflect the consumer behavior in the market (Robertson, 2013, p. 38). This were the models which were adopted by the group during the workshop. The model aims at explaining how businesses choose products in the situation of incomplete information provided by another business. According to the model, the business express rationality during the initial purchase phase and other repeated purchases. However, the repeated purchase is as a result of the incentives whose source might be in the environment (Input variables). Hyun and Jin (2012, p. 127) argues that the input variables refers to the stimuli which arise from the market entry strategy of the firm coupled with other related marketing activities. Among the three main stimuli (symbolic incentives, significant incentives, and social stimuli), significant incentives arguably have the most impact on the choice of the market entry strategy. It refers to the physical attributes of the product such as quality and price. In the light of this consideration, the group found that the best market entry strategy for G4S-Cash360 for example would be a pricing strategy (Gross, 2013, p. 168). Pricing strategy would serve to ensure a low but aggressive strategy while at the same time maintaining a fair share of added value. The basis of such added value is the value adding principle as well as adjusted for relationship coupled with incentives for market bond provision. Closely related to the Howard-Sheth model are the Webster and Wind Model which argues that four main factors influence businesses buying decision and therefore dictating the choice of the market entry strategy. According to Lymbersky (2008, p. 193), the factors comprise of individual factors, organizational factors, buying center, and environmental factors. More important to the purpose of this essay is the influence of buying centers and organizational factors on the choice of the marketing strategy. Organizational factors encompass factors such as objectives, purchasing policies, and organizational structure of the firm (Wu, 2006, p.101). It is these variables that serve to influence the functioning as well as the composition of the buying centers thus dictating the market entry strategy for the marketing firm. As such, the business marketing its products and services to another company must study the behavior of the target business and all the related factors that affect its purchase behavior before deciding on the best market entry strategy. For example, environmental factors such as good infrastructure such as roads would support an aggressive promotional strategy and a wide coverage for the Egypt market for the G4S-cash360. Otherwise knows at the Robinson, Faris, and Wind model, the buy-grid model, relates to the buying processes of both the consumer and the businesses. The marketing researchers (Robinson, wind, and Faris) argue that buying decision is not as a single-event process, but involve multi-stage decision-making (Helen et al., 2005, p. 228). The model comprises a matrix of buy-phases as well as buy-classes which are new tasks, modified rebuy, and straight rebuy. In the new task buy-class, the business seeks a lot of information to analyze the alternative purchasing options. In this phase, risk serves as the main factor influencing the amount of information needed. For example, when a marketer introduces a new product in the market for another business, the marketer must find a wide variety of information on the product. Similarly, the group applied the similar model on how G4S Cash360 can penetrate in the Egypt market. As such, Park and Lee (2009, p.64) argues that the appropriate market entry strategy is an aggressive promotional strategy that serves to inform the potential consumers of the availability of the product, its usage, and its benefits over other products among other factors. For instance, in the case of G4S-Cash360, a direct market strategy with aggressive promotion would be the best market entry strategy. Conclusion Different factors, the main one being the consumer behavior, dictates the choice of the market entry strategy for a firm. As such, the firm must pay close attention to the different consumer behaviors among other considerations before settling on a market entry strategy. It is notable that it is the marketing strategy that opens up the market for the companys product; therefore, should the initial choice of the entry strategy be wrong, the entire marketing strategy would experience some challenges. Therefore, the marketers should focus on adopting various and different marketing entry models as per their organization products and services. This will ensure that the company products and services gain easy penetration and saturation. References Gross, J., 2013. Market Entry Strategies for Saturated Markets: Challenges for the Consumer. GRIN Verlag Helen, W.B., Sue, E., and Elliot, 2005. Special Issue: Towards a Theory of Shopping, Journal of consumer behavior 4 (4): 221-303 Hulen, B., 2015. Sensory Marketing: Theoretical and Empirical grounds. Routledge Hyun, H. L. and Jin, Y., 2012. Consumer perceptions of online consumer product and service Reviews, Journal of Research in Interactive Marketing, 6 (2): 110-132. Lymbersky, C., 2008. Market Entry Strategies: Text, Cases and Readings in Market Entry Management. Christoph Lymbersky Park, C. and Lee, T.M., 2009. Information direction, Website reputation and eWOM effect: a Moderating role of product type, Journal of Business Research, 62 (1): 61-67. Robertson, T.S., 2013. A Critical Examination of Adoption Process Models of Consumer Behavior. Marketing Classic Press Wu, S-I., 2006. The impact of feeling, judgment and attitude on purchase intention as online Advertising performance measure, Journal of International Marketing and Marketing Research, 31 (2): 89-108.