Succubus Blues CHAPTER 6

I woke up the next day, determined to go see Erik and get the truth about vampire hunters. Then, as I was brushing my teeth, I remembered yesterday's other crisis. Seth Mortensen. Swearing, I finished up in the bathroom, earning a disapproving look from Aubrey for my profanity. There was no telling how long this tour thing with him might take. I might have to wait until tomorrow to see Erik, and by then, this vampire hunter or whatever could have struck again. I set out for Emerald City, wearing the most nonattractive outfit I could muster: jeans and a turtleneck, with my hair pulled severely back. Paige, all smiles, approached me as I waited for Seth in the cafe. â€Å"You should show him Foster's and Puget Sound Books while you're out,† she told me conspiratorially. Still waking up, I took a sip of the mocha Bruce had just made me and tried to reason out her logic. Foster's and Puget Sound Books were competitors of ours, though not major ones. â€Å"Those places are dives.† â€Å"Exactly.† She grinned at me with her even white teeth. â€Å"Show him those, and he'll be convinced we're the best place for him to do his writing at.† I studied her, feeling seriously out of the loop. Or maybe I was just distracted still about the Duane thing. It wasn't every day one had his immortality revoked. â€Å"Why†¦ would he do his writing here?† â€Å"Because he likes to take his laptop and write in coffee shops.† â€Å"Yeah, but he lives in Chicago.† Paige shook her head. â€Å"Not anymore. Where were you last night? He's moving here to be closer to his family.† I recalled Seth mentioning his brother, but I had been too caught up in my own mortification to pay much attention. â€Å"When?† â€Å"Now, as far as I know. That's why this was his last stop on the tour. He's staying with his brother but plans on finding his own place soon.† She leaned close to me, eyes gleaming predatorily. â€Å"Georgina, if we have a famous author hanging out here regularly, it'll be good for our image.† Honestly, my immediate concern wasn't where Seth would be writing. What freaked me out was that he would not be departing for a different time zone anytime soon, a time zone where he could then forget about me and let us both get on with our lives. I could run into him every day now. Literally, if Paige's wish was realized. â€Å"Won't that be distracting to his writing if his presence is widely known? Annoying fans and whatnot?† â€Å"We won't let it become a problem. We'll make the most of this and respect his privacy. Careful now, here he comes.† I drank more of my mocha, still marveling at the way Paige's mind worked. She could think of promotional ideas that never would have entered my head. Warren might have been the one to invest capital in this place, but it had been her marketing genius that made it a success. â€Å"Good morning,† Seth told us, walking up to the table. He wore jeans, a Def Leppard T-shirt, and a brown corduroy jacket. The lay of his hair did not convince me he'd brushed it this morning. Paige looked at me pointedly, and I sighed. â€Å"Let's go.† Seth silently followed me outside, that awkward tension building between us like a solid barrier. He did not look at me; I did not look at him. It was only when we stood outside on Queen Anne Avenue and I realized I had no plan for today that conversation had to occur. â€Å"Where to start? Seattle, unlike Gaul, is not divided into just three parts.† I made the joke more to myself, but Seth suddenly laughed. â€Å"Seattle peninsula est,† he observed, playing off my observation. â€Å"Not exactly. Besides, that's Bede, not Caesar.† â€Å"I know. But I don't know very much Latin.† He gave me that quirky, bemused smile that seemed to be his trademark expression. â€Å"Do you?† â€Å"Enough.† I wondered how he would react if I mentioned my fluency in Latin dialects from various stages of the Roman Empire. My vague answer must have been interpreted as lack of interest because he looked away, and more silence fell. â€Å"Is there anything special you wanted to see?† â€Å"Not really.† Not really. Okay. Well. The sooner we got this started, the sooner it would end and I could see Erik. â€Å"Follow me.† As we drove off, I sort of hoped we might naturally flow into meaningful conversation, in spite of our bad start yesterday. Yet, as we traveled, it seemed clear Seth had no intention of carrying on any discourse. I recalled his nervousness in front of the crowd yesterday and even with some of the bookstore staff. This guy had serious social phobias, I realized, though he had made a valiant effort in shedding them during our initial flirtations. Then, I had gone and turned on the back-off vibes, undoubtedly scarring him for life and undoing whatever progress he had made. Way to go, Georgina. Maybe if I could broach some compelling topics, he would muster his earlier confidence and bring back our rapport – in a platonic way, of course. I attempted to recall my profound questions from last night. And once again, they eluded me, so I switched to mundane ones. â€Å"So your brother lives around here?† â€Å"Yup.† â€Å"What part?† â€Å"Lake Forest Park.† â€Å"That's a nice area. Are you going to look for a place up there?† â€Å"Probably not.† â€Å"Do you have another place in mind then?† â€Å"Not really.† Okay, this wasn't getting us anywhere. Annoyed at how this master of the written word could be so short on spoken ones, I finally decided to cut him out of the conversation altogether. Having him involved was too much work. Instead, I chatted on amiably without him, pointing out the popular spots: Pioneer Square, Pike Place Market, the Fremont Troll. I even showed him the shoddier representatives of our competition, per Paige's instructions. I neglected anything closer to the Space Needle than a brief nod, however. No doubt he'd seen it from Emerald City's windows and could pay the exorbitant fees to visit it up close if he really needed the tourist experience. We went to the U District for lunch. He followed without protest or comment to my favorite Vietnamese restaurant. Our meal progressed quietly as I took a break from talking, both of us eating noodles and staring out the nearby window to watch the bustle of students and cars. â€Å"This is nice.† It was the most Seth had spoken in a while, and I nearly jumped at the sound of his voice. â€Å"Yeah. This place doesn't look like much, but they make a mean pho.† â€Å"No, I meant out there. This area.† I followed his gesture back to University Way, at first seeing nothing more than disgruntled students hauling backpacks around. Then, expanding my search, I became aware of the other small specialty restaurants, the coffee shops, and the used bookstores. It was an eclectic mix, somewhat tattered around the edges, but it had a lot to offer quirky, intellectual types – even famous, introverted writers. I looked at Seth, who looked back at me expectantly. It was our first direct eye contact all day. â€Å"Are there places to live around here?† â€Å"Sure. If you want to share a house with a bunch of eighteen-year-olds.† I paused, thinking that option might not be so unappealing for a guy. â€Å"If you want something more substantial in this area, it'll cost you. I guess Cady and O'Neill ensure that's not really an issue, huh? We can drive around and look, if you want.† â€Å"Maybe. I'd honestly rather go there first.† He pointed across the street, to one of the used bookstores. His eyes flicked back to me uncertainly. â€Å"If that's okay with you.† â€Å"Let's go.† I loved used bookstores but always felt a little guilty walking into them. Like I was cheating. After all, I worked around bright, crisp books all the time. I could obtain a reprint of almost anything I wanted, brand new. It seemed wrong to take such visceral pleasure from being around old books, from the smell of aged paper, mildew, and dust. Such collections of knowledge, some quite old, always reminded me of times long past and places I'd seen, triggering a tidal wave of nostalgia. These emotions made me feel both old and young. The books aged while I did not. A gray tabby cat stretched and blinked at us from her spot on the counter as we entered. I stroked her back and said hello to the old man near her. He glanced up briefly from the books he sorted, smiled at us, and returned to his work. Seth stared around at the towering shelves before us, an expression of bliss on his face, and promptly disappeared into them. I wandered over to nonfiction, wanting to peruse the cookbooks. I had grown up preparing food without microwaves and food processors and decided it was high time to let my culinary knowledge expand into this century. Finally settling on a Greek cookbook with lots of colored pictures, I dragged myself away a half hour later and looked for Seth. I found him in the children's section, kneeling next to a stack of books, completely absorbed. I crouched down beside him. â€Å"What are you looking at?† He flinched slightly, startled by my proximity, and tore his gaze away from his find to look at me. This close, I could see that his eyes were actually more of a golden-amber brown, his lashes long enough to make any girl jealous. â€Å"Andrew Lang's fairy books.† He held a paperback entitled The Blue Fairy Book. On top of the stack near him sat another called The Orange Fairy Book, and I could only assume the rest followed color-coded suit. Seth glowed with literary rapture, forgetting his reticence around me. â€Å"The 1960s reprints. Not as valuable as, say, editions from the 1800s, but these are the ones my dad had, the ones he used to read to us from. He only had a couple, though; this is the whole set. I'm going to get them and read them to my nieces.† Flipping through the pages of The Red Fairy Book, I recognized the titles of many familiar stories, some I hadn't even known were still around. I turned the book over and looked inside the cover but found no price. â€Å"How much are they?† Seth pointed to a small sign near the shelf he'd obtained them from. â€Å"Is that reasonable for these?† I asked. â€Å"It's a little high, but it's worth it to me to get them all in one go.† â€Å"No way.† I gathered up part of the books, rising. â€Å"We'll talk him down.† â€Å"Talk him down how?† My lips turned up in a smile. â€Å"With words.† Seth seemed dubious, but the clerk proved an easy target. Most men would eventually cave before an attractive, charismatic woman – let alone a succubus who still sported a residual life force glow. Besides, I had learned bartering at my mother's knee. The guy behind the counter didn't stand a chance. By the time I finished with him, he had happily lowered the price by 25 percent and thrown in my cookbook for free. Walking back to my car, arms laden with books, Seth kept glancing at me wonderingly. â€Å"How did you do that? I've never seen anything like it.† â€Å"Lots of practice.† A vague answer worthy of one of his. â€Å"Thanks. I wish I could repay the favor.† â€Å"Don't worry – hey, you can actually. Would you mind running an errand with me? It's to a bookstore, but it's a scary bookstore.† â€Å"Scary how?† Five minutes later, we were on our way to see my old friend Erik Lancaster. Erik had been ensconced in the Seattle area long before me, and he was a well-known figure to almost every immortal entity around. Versed in mythology and supernatural lore, he regularly proved to be an excellent resource for all things paranormal. If he had noticed that some of his best patrons never aged, he wisely refrained from pointing that out. The only annoying thing about seeing Erik was that it required a visit to Krystal Starz – a stunning example of New Age spirituality gone wrong. I didn't doubt the place might have had good intentions back when it opened in the 1980s, but the bookstore now touted a barrage of colorful, highly commercial merchandise more weighted in price than any sort of mystical value. Erik, by my estimation, was the only employee with legitimate concern and knowledge of esoteric matters. The best of his coworkers were simply apathetic; the worst were zealots and scam artists. Pulling up into the store's parking lot, I immediately felt surprise at the number of cars there. This many people at Emerald City would have constituted a signing, but that sort of event seemed odd in the middle of the workday. A heavy wave of incense poured over us as we entered, and Seth appeared just as surprised as me by all the people and stimuli. â€Å"I might be a minute,† I told him. â€Å"Feel free to look around. Not that there's much here worth seeing.† He melted away, and I turned my attention to a bright-eyed young man standing near the door and directing the crowd around. â€Å"Are you here for the Gathering?† â€Å"Urn, no,† I told him. â€Å"I'm looking for Erik.† â€Å"Erik who?† â€Å"Lancaster? Older guy? African-American? He works here.† The young lackey shook his head. â€Å"There's no Erik here. Not as long as I've been working here.† He spoke like he'd founded the store. â€Å"How long has that been?† â€Å"Two months.† I rolled my eyes. A veritable veteran. â€Å"Is there a manager around here I can talk to?† â€Å"Well, Helena's here, but she's going to be – ah, there she is.† He gestured to the far side of the store where the woman in question appeared as though summoned. Ah yes, Helena. She and I had tangled before. Pale-haired, her neck bestrewn with crystals and other arcane symbols, she stood in a doorway marked meeting room. A teal shawl covered her slim shoulders, and like always, I wondered how old she was. She looked to be in her lower to mid-thirties, but something about her demeanor always made me think she was older. Maybe she'd had a lot of plastic surgery. It would be fitting, really, considering the rest of her trumped-up, artificial persona. â€Å"Everyone? Everyone?† She spoke in this obviously faked, high-pitched voice, meant to sound like a whisper, albeit one that could reach loud volumes. So mostly it came out raspy, like she had a cold. â€Å"It's time to start.† The masses – thirty or so, I'd say – moved toward the meeting room, and I followed, blending into the crowd. Some of the people around me looked like Helena: theme-dressed, in either all-black or too-vibrant shades, with a plethora of pentagrams, crystals, and ohms in attendance. Others looked like average people, dressed much like me in my work clothes, trailing along in excited curiosity. With a frozen, fake smile plastered across her face, Helena beckoned us into the room murmuring, â€Å"Welcome, welcome. Feel the energy.† When I passed by her, the smile faltered. â€Å"I know you.† â€Å"Yes.† The smile diminished further. â€Å"You're that woman who works at that big bookstore – that big, commercial bookstore.† A few people stopped and listened to our exchange, no doubt the reason she refrained from pointing out the last time I was in here, I had called her a hypocrite pushing marked-up crap merchandise. Compared to certain national chains, I hardly considered Emerald City commercial. Still, I shrugged in acknowledgment. â€Å"Yeah, what can I say, we're part of the problem in corporate America. However, we do sell all the books and tarot cards that you do, often at a discount if you're a member of Emerald City's Frequent Readers Program.† I mentioned this last part loudly. Extra advertising never hurt. Helena's weakening smile disappeared altogether, as did some of her raspy voice. â€Å"Is there something I can help you with?† â€Å"I'm looking for Erik.† â€Å"Erik doesn't work here anymore.† â€Å"Where'd he go?† â€Å"I'm not at liberty to discuss that.† â€Å"Why? Are you afraid I'll take my business elsewhere? Believe me, you were never in danger of having it.† She raised delicate fingers to her forehead and studied me seriously, eyes nearly going crossed. â€Å"I sense a lot of darkness in your aura. Black and red.† Her voice rose, drawing in the attention of her acolytes. â€Å"You would benefit greatly from some clearing work. A smoky or rutilated quartz might also help. We have excellent specimens of both for sale here. Either would lighten up your aura.† I couldn't resist a smirk. I believed in auras, knew they were perfectly real. I also knew, however, that my aura looked nothing at all like a mortal one, nor would someone like Helena even be able to see it. Indeed, a true human adept, capable of perceiving such things, would notice that in standing with a group of humans, I would be the only person without a discernible aura. It would be invisible to all, save someone like Jerome or Carter, though some particularly skilled mortal might be able to feel its strength and be understandably cautious. Erik was one such mortal, which was why he always treated me with so much respect. Helena was not. â€Å"Wow,† I crooned. â€Å"I can't believe you were able to deduce all that without your aura camera.† Krystal Starz proudly touted a camera that would photograph your aura for $9.95. â€Å"Do I owe you something now?† She sniffed. â€Å"I don't need a camera to see others' auras. I am a Master. Besides, the spirits who have assembled for this Gathering tell me plenty about you.† My smile increased. â€Å"What do they say?† I'd had little dealings with spirits or other ethereal beings in my long life, but I would know if any were present. She closed her eyes, hands to her forehead again, lines of thought creasing her face. The onlookers watched in wonder. â€Å"They tell me that much troubles you. That the indecision and monotony in your life force you to lash out, and so long as you choose the path of darkness and distrust, you will never find peace or light.† Her blue eyes opened, caught up in her own otherworldly ecstasy. â€Å"They want you to join us. Sit in our circle, feel their healing energy. The spirits will help you to a better life.† â€Å"Like they helped you out of the porn industry?† She froze, paling, and I almost felt bad for a moment. Adepts like Erik weren't the only ones with reputations in the immortal community. A crackpot like Helena was well known too. Someone who had apparently been a fan of hers back in the day had recognized her from a movie and passed on this bit of dirt to the rest of us. â€Å"I don't know what you mean,† she finally said, face struggling for control in front of her minions. â€Å"My mistake. You reminded me of someone called Moana Licka. You sort of rub crystals the way she used to rub†¦ well, you get the idea.† â€Å"You are mistaken,† Helena said, voice on the verge of cracking. â€Å"Erik no longer works here. Please leave.† Another retort rose to my lips, but then, beyond her, I caught sight of Seth. He had wandered up to the edge of the crowd, observing the spectacle with the others. Seeing him, I suddenly felt foolish, the thrill of humiliating Helena turning cheap and shallow. Embarrassed, I still managed to hold my head high as I withheld my remarks and walked away from her. Seth fell into step beside me. â€Å"Let me guess,† I said dryly. â€Å"Some people write the stories, and some people live them.† â€Å"I think you can't help but make a sensation wherever you go.† I assumed he was being sarcastic. Then, I glanced over and saw his frank expression, neither censuring nor snide. His earnestness was so unexpected that I stumbled slightly, paying more attention to him than where I was going. Having a much-deserved reputation for gracefulness, I recovered almost immediately. Seth, however, instinctually held out a hand to catch me. As he did, I suddenly had a flash of†¦ of something. Like that moment of connection back in the map aisle. Or the surge of fulfillment I got when I read his books. It was brief, fleeting, like maybe it hadn't happened at all. He seemed as surprised as I felt and released my arm tentatively, almost hesitantly. A moment later, a voice behind me broke the spell entirely. â€Å"Excuse me?† Turning, I saw a slim teenage girl with cropped red hair and piercings up and down her ears. â€Å"You were looking for Erik, right?† â€Å"Yeah†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"I can tell you where he's at. He left about five months ago to start his own store. It's in Lake City†¦ I forget the name. There's a light there, with a grocery store and a big Mexican restaurant†¦Ã¢â‚¬  I nodded. â€Å"I know that area. I'll find it. Thanks.† I eyed her curiously. â€Å"Do you work here?† â€Å"Yeah. Erik was always pretty cool to me, so I'd rather see him get business than this place. I'd have gone with him, but he doesn't really need any other help, so I'm stuck with Nutso in there.† She jerked her thumb back in Helena's direction. The girl had a serious, practical demeanor different from most of this place's employees. I recalled now that I'd seen her helping customers when I'd come in. â€Å"Why do you work here if you don't like it?† â€Å"I don't know. I like books, and I need money.† I dug through my purse, searching for one of my rarely used business cards. â€Å"Here. You want a new job, come talk to me sometime.† She took the card and read it, surprise filling her features. â€Å"Thanks†¦ I think.† â€Å"Thanks for the info about Erik.† Pausing, I considered further, and dug out another card. â€Å"If you've got a friend – anyone else who works here and is like you – give this to them too.† â€Å"Is that legal?† asked Seth later. † Dunno. But we're short-staffed at Emerald City.† I figured a specialty store like Erik's must be closed by now, so instead I turned toward Lake Forest Park to return Seth to his brother's house. I confess, relief flooded me. Being with one's hero was tiring, not to mention every interaction between us swung between wildly opposing poles. I'd probably be safer limiting our relationship to me simply reading his books. I dropped him off at a cute, suburban home, its front yard littered with children's playthings. I saw no sign of the children themselves, much to my disappointment. Seth gathered up his haul of books, gave me another scattered smile as he voiced his thanks, and disappeared into the house. I was almost back to Queen Anne when I realized I'd forgotten to ask him for my copy of The Glasgow Pact. Annoyed, I entered my building and immediately heard the front desk attendant solicit me. â€Å"Miss Kincaid?† I walked over to him, and he handed me a vase of flowers teeming with shades of purple and dark pink. â€Å"These came for you today.† I accepted the vase with delight, inhaling the mingled scents of roses, irises, and stargazer lilies. They had no card. Typical. â€Å"Who brought them?† He gestured beyond me. â€Å"That man over there.†

Philosophy and Politics

Philosophy has enabled human life to study the general and everyday problems which concern many matters to include beauty, truth, mind, validity, language, existence, language and even truth. While Philosophy is a general term that is highly acceptable to address and answer questions by using systematic approaches and its credibility on the grounds of reasoned arguments, there is a tension that is apparent between Politics and Philosophy which Ancient Greek Origin means â€Å"love of wisdom†. Good governance needs laws that are mandated and initiated through Politics. The ways a society is being governed highly affects the kind of living the citizens’ experience. Politics are made up of group of people that formulate decisions for the betterment of the populace. It has also been palpable in many group interactions such as the religious, academic and even in the corporate world. Despite the fact that both exist to fulfill the needs of man for order, it is evident that a man in one point of his life or another might choose whether to live under the influence of Politics or Philosophy. The issues had been explored in Plato’s masterpieces â€Å"Apology† and â€Å"The Republic†. But although, the strain is perceptible, the end result for the mixture of both may lead to a more wonderful life to all mankind. The researcher wishes to address any reconciliation that may occur between the rivalries of the two approaches in human regulation, if Philosophy and Politics can be practiced at the same time. Philosophy and Politics in Plato’s Works Justice is necessitated by human in all walks of life. An individual is honed by the cultural and social norms that craft his totality as a whole. Many factors attribute on how a person behaves or acts. The life in the world has sought to deal on existence necessitated of man as man to survive and subsist. You may choose to live a political life or you can pursue a life that is committed in finding contemplation and truth. Apology The Apology by Plato is his version of Socrates’ speech during the time Socrates defends himself in opposition to the charges. The accusations against Socrates brought up were; living his life that refuses to adulate and worship the gods, corrupts the mind of the young and makes new deities. The main theme of the entire speech proposes that Philosophy instigates when one admits that he is ignorant. Socrates dramatically states that the wisdom he has, originates from his mere knowledge that he doesn’t know anything (23b, 29b). Politics in this part conducts a lawful proceeding that is made out of informal charges that only stanched out of gossips and prejudices against Socrates: â€Å"Socrates is committing an injustice, in that he inquires into things below the earth and in the sky, and makes the weaker argument the stronger, and teaches others to follow his example (18b-c)†. Socrates refuted the accusations through voicing out that he should not in any way be mistaken as a sophist or a scholar that is highly paid and wise. He then expressed his philosophical inspiration that he is poor and does not know anything that is good and noble. Socrates believed that the accusations against him rooted with his compliance with the oracle he received in Delhi. He had the mission of solving the paradox which is â€Å"the ignorant man could be the wisest of all men† (23e). It is apparent that Politics has an indirect connection to Philosophy because both aim to provide a good human life course. In this part reconciliation is quite evident since Politics is ruled out by people or humans that present the way to righteousness and lawfulness based on human perception enacted by the law while Philosophy which Plato deals with dwells more with the spiritual and divine intervention as the correct path to rectitude and uprightness. Socrates perceived that his questioning to many people gained him the reputation as an annoying person. His life mission interpreted in the speech that true wisdom comes from the gods while wisdoms of man together with their achievements have diminutive or are not valuable at all. It was greatly stressed that Socrates accepts as legitimate that the power of his lawful superior, may it be divine or human should be followed. But when there is a discrepancy or conflict between the two: Politics or Philosophy, he deems that the divine authority should take precedence and primacy: â€Å"Gentlemen, I am your grateful and devoted servant, but I owe a greater obedience to God than to you; and as long as I draw breath and have my faculties I shall never stop practicing philosophy† (Plato, Dialogue Part 1). Socrates articulated that he will not stop his aspiration for his fellow Athenians to have greater awareness of moral truth and goodness. Though, people might impede his questioning or arguing and even if they withdraw all the charges against him, Socrates put across his plan of not bringing an end to his inquiries for the pursuance of truth. Socrates was charged as guilty by a very small margin (36a). He was sentenced to death through drinking Hemlock. Though, Socrates can resort to emotive tricks to appease the juries. He relied ultimately to the truth in the presentation of his case. Socrates prophesied that the younger and harsher critics will pursue what he started that can aggravate them even more (39d). The Republic by Plato The Republic by Plato is also a Socratic dialogue. The main topic of the dialogue centers at the issue of who is happier between the just and the unjust man that was pictured through creating a make-believe city that is ruled by philosopher-kings. For most part, the dialogue tackles justice in different ways. Like in one part of the first book where two types of justice are presented but both were deemed inappropriate. First, talks about returning debts that someone owed while the second one embarks upon helping out friends at the same time harming the enemies. These were common definitions of justice that Socrates reckons to be derisory in isolated cases and as a consequence lack stringency stipulated of a definition, though he does not wholly decline them because each, in some way or another conveys a universal sagacity of justice. Justice when implemented with Philosophy encompasses goodwill to all mankind. This was evident in the end of Book I where Socrates approved Polemarchus insight that justice embraces helping out friends but the just man would never do any harm to anybody even an enemy. Thrasymachus on the other hand provides his perception of justice as â€Å"what is good for the stronger† (Book I), which reflects those people in Politics who have power over the society. This also echoes Thrasymachus belief that rulers are the primary resource of justice in every city where in they enact laws that benefit themselves the most. Philosophy is widely tackled in The Republic to influence Politics on what it should build within the society to provide a just community. In this dialogue, it can be seen that Philosophy and Politics can be reconciled though Philosophy still takes supremacy over Politics. Correspondingly, Socrates describes justice as â€Å"working at that which he is naturally best suited,† along with â€Å"to do one's own business and not to be a busybody† (433a-433b). He then continues by presenting how to sustain and perfect justice through three cardinal virtues to include Temperance, Wisdom, and Courage (433a-433b). Philosophy correlates with Politics through creating a society that divides people in to three distinct types which are the soldier, producer and ruler. Books II to IV mainly carry out that if a ruler can create just laws, and when the soldiers or warriors follow the orders of their rulers, and if authorities are obeyed by the producers, then it will formulate a society that is rightful and just, thus creating a happier life. Three arguments were presented by Plato why he sees that it is better to be just rather than for the individual to be unjust. The arguments were: An oppressor’s nature will allow him to incur â€Å"horrid pains and pangs† and that the conventional tyrant has a lifestyle that is mentally and physically challenging on a ruler which is the total opposite of a philosopher king that is truth loving (Book IX). Another argument in Book IX that Plato puts forward is that the Philosopher is the only type of ruler that can best run a society since he is acquainted to the Form of the Good. The last one that Plato contends is that â€Å"Pleasures which are approved by the lover of wisdom and reason are the truest† (Book IX). The Republic’s main ideology is to form the government and politics that is governed by philosopher-kings. In this, it is highly susceptible that Philosophy and politics could in some way or another worked hand in hand. Socrates believes that the four types of ruling such as timocracy, democracy, oligarchy and tyranny can lead to corruption of power. The Republic by Plato also contains his Allegory of the Cave where he elucidates how a former prisoner from a cave came to realize that the sun which illuminates the surrounding and which initially blinded him is the Form of the Good that causes the brightness. He also came to realize that it is the sun that made him see and appreciate the beauty and goodness in the things that surround him. Plato considers the caveman as the philosopher, who knows the Form of Good and therefore should educate others to spread the same light he achieved. The dialogue narrates conversations and arguments concerning an Ideal State by manipulating politics through Philosophical ideas and how other forms of governance could not properly and adequately sustain its ruling. Conclusion Though Plato’s â€Å"Apology† and â€Å"The Republic† mainly discuss how Philosophy or love of wisdom should be adhered over and above anything else, it also manifested that Philosophy and politics can reconcile to the betterment of the society. The â€Å"Apology† chiefly venerates Philosophy over politics but in some parts evidently address that people involved in Politics should be respected and followed, hence, when a clash between the two takes place Philosophy should win against the other. Plato’s â€Å"The Republic† on the other hand, points out a Political institution that is to be ruled by a Philosopher towards a just society.

Discuss how India is an idea, held together ; sustained by political will

My first brush of covering with India as an thought and non merely a geographical part that I simply inhabit was facilitated by Amitav Ghosh. ‘The Shadow Lines ‘ was that one novel that led me to see India with a different point of view, as more than merely ‘home ‘ . For Th'amma ( the supporter ‘s grandma ) India, the thought of a state and what patriotism and nationality defined for her, held a wholly different significance than that for the supporter himself. On the contrary, the thought of India was wholly different for Ila, the storyteller ‘s cousin, who had ever lived abroad. This illustrated apposition of the diverseness of idea led me to understand the true sentiment behind the thought of a state – it is one with no peculiar definition but a battalion of visions, intents and doctrines. The definition of a state has differences on the footing of the state ‘s political orientation and history, which necessarily dictates the success or failure of the mass of peoples as a state. Coincidentally, the Indian illustration is one that seems to be the most powerful ingredient in the Indian socio-political stock. Some historiographers claim that frequently it is a mere accident that two geographic parts are clubbed together as one state. A instance in point would be the citizens of Kutch and Karachi who likely would be more similar to each other than the people of Kutch and Kalimpong, both of which go on to be a portion of the same state, India. I think it is this diverseness and the enormousness of the state that must be taken into history in order to discourse India as an thought. It has been 60 old ages since independency and the universe ‘s largest democracy is now divided on the footing of caste, category, part, faith more than it of all time was. At times in our free history the political system was practically dysfunctional and coupled with the ill-famed rampant corruptness, rendered the full state on the brink of instability. Time and once more one has witnessed politicians taking advantage and seeking to call up support on the ever-narrower lines of political individuality. Politically, it has become more of import to be a â€Å" backward caste † , a â€Å" tribal † , or a spiritual sectary than to be an Indian. Clangs of involvement in electoral pools are now easy dissolved by opposing the proud Hindu against the agnostic Indian. Multiple insurgence and foreign invasions are jobs that India has faced ( and still faces ) and clawed its manner out of, tops this atrocious province of personal businesss. India – a state that survived – worth a unit of ammunition of hand clapping. eally talking, states are and should be seen as cultural buildings. They are an ideological phenomenon which gets consolidated as a state when there ‘s a will to be an entity that maps as a whole unit. It can be seen as an imagined community ; the desire of an full battalion to be and remain together. In our modern universe, state can be seen as a paradox in itself. Given that geographical boundary lines define merely but the political boundaries, the state as an thought is imagined, non existent, touchable, or predefined. And in bend by virtuousness of being ‘imagined ‘ a state is limited – even the culturally-watertight states have fictile boundaries beyond which lie other states. It is imagined – as a community and sealed in a deep ‘horizontal ‘ chumminess. Similarly India besides becomes an thought, where small things become beat uping points. Where a little thought can be made out to be an intensely sentimental statement and support can be garnered for it ; where ‘the myth of persecution ‘ can frequently be seen at work, where one may be made to experience that one has been dealt with below the belt. Multiple occasions in the Indian history would stand testament to the same, instance in point being the Khalistan or even the Ayodhya difference. I feel, that at some degree it boils down to the thought of indigeneity. What precisely does it intend to depict a people as the â€Å" autochthonal † dwellers of a land and why is the construct of indigeneity of import? The inquiry that seems to peal once more and once more is whether a state can be formed by thoughts of indigeneity, whether the isolation of historical events as distinct strands is possible. A state like India with its astonishing diverseness is losing the hybridism, its existent kernel and doing it as a individual massive strand. As is the instance with most national emotions and motions, the analysis of the derivation becomes every bit of import as the effect. Miraculously, but non surprisingly, as a people, counter-nationalism issues become cardinal mileposts in the development of Indian patriotism. Some issues that set case in point are Khalistan, Ayodhya, Telangana, the North East insurgence. There tends to be a common pivot of all these issues and any treatment of this disposition would be exhaustively uncomplete without preceding it with a comprehensive brief about Pakistan and the influence this difference has had in Indian idea and patriotism since independency. Just the mere figure of connexions and the Partition stories one would hear in an mean North Indian family is proof plenty of the huge importance Partition holds in our lives even if we do n't experience it actively in our lives. Every Indian has an sentiment on Pakistan, on India ‘s relationships with it, on how we should cover with it. Pakistan has much a larger presence in our lives than we would wish to accept. There are still multiple arguments on whether there in fact was a instance for Pakistan as a separate state ; had it go a necessary immorality to hold a separate state and the fact that we could hold lived together as one happy state was merely but a romantic impression. Or was it in fact a kid of a mere phantasy, on the portion of the assorted distinct parties, which finally bailed after things did n't sail the manner the hoped they would. The two far abounding and obvious positions have although been concurrent on the fact that the people who had stopped seeing oculus to oculus and were anyhow divided on the footing of spiritual and political hostility. People argue that factors like common environment, linguistic communication were superficial facts that did non truly adhere the now understood to be sacredly contrasting thoughts and as a effect a strong sense of individualism of idea. It is this negative chumminess that is the foundation of the obvious Hindu-Muslim divide that has been seen as the ground the cicatrixs that blemish the face of Indian history ; the instance in point being Godhra and the Babri Masjid. This was a counter-nationalist motion foremost took birth during the Partition and is still disputing the thought of India as a state. Many historiographers believe that the rebellion of 1857 â€Å" was the last noteworthy manifestation of Hindu-Muslim integrity † . The claim is that since Indians were contending a common enemy, vis-a-vis the imperialist regulation, they could non afford to be divided at that clip. The Muslims have ever been given a ‘second-class ‘ position since Independence. This has evidently put the inquiry of patriotism and nationality into inquiry. There has been a sense that nationality could be without the desire for holding a separate state, so whether it all boils down to a individual belonging to a peculiar part or faith or the fact which makes one feels a sense of patriotism and unity. Babri Masjid and the wake is likely one of the events that will be etched in the heads of everyone from that age. The Ayodhya argument is frequently seen as a mixture of fact and fiction – of myth and history. Following a brief timeline of the full difference would exemplify how this has acted as a major force in constructing a state ‘s constricted sentiment pool. It all started in 1949 with the Indian authorities ‘s declaration holding the site ‘controversial ‘ after graven images were placed in the mosque. It would be interesting to observe here how there was no contention until this point. This sudden declaration betrayed political motivations which can be besides linked to the 1984 Ram Janma Bhoomi temple propaganda started by VHP and BJP under Lal Krishan Advani. For the interest of constitution of position it would be disposed to add that BJP started as a party to function a feasible anti-congress forepart and Hindutva was surely non the chief focal point at the clip of its origin. The decimation of the BJP in the 1984 elections proved to be a turning point where Congress had successfully played the Hindu nationalist card and upstaged the party on its Hindu certificates. BJP could non let this to go on and Hindutva came to the foreground. Since so ‘Hindutva ‘ has been used at assorted points by BJP, VHP and Shiv Sena as propaganda to stoke a certain kind of patriotism within the Black Marias of the people. Even though Hindutva literally means Hinduness and is a doctrine, the construct is being used clip and once more, driven by a certain political will, to split the people and granary ballot Bankss with such junior-grade political relations. In 1989, Advani introduced footings like pseudosecularism, minority-ism and Hindutva in the mainstream political vocabulary. Hindutva became the board on which Advani based the greening of the party. However, Hindutva ‘s history tends to merely supply the juncture for the argument and is itself left mostly unspecified. A portion of the job is that Hindutva ideologists have merely now begun to stipulate their rules of history. Another specifying minute in the recent Indian yesteryear which would stop up re-defining India is the 1984 anti-Sikh public violences. After the divider this would likely be the event that left an unerasable impact in the lives of Sikhs and most of Northern India. Though the Prima facie ground for the public violences are frequently considered the blackwash of Indira Gandhi, there were other deep seated causes that were easy multiplying and disputing India, which was still in its birth. The birth of the Khalistan motion spearheaded by Bhindranwala must be traced back in order to appreciate the counter-nationalism at work here. The green revolution that had brought about huge economic growing and prosperity in Punjab had led to the increasing belief about Sikhs holding a separate cultural individuality and position and hence conveying about a sense of distinguishable inequality in the societal beds. This unintegrated societal construction of the small towns led to entrepreneurial struggles between the agricultural community of Jat Sikhs and the trading community of Hindu Brahmins, Khatris and Baniyas. The political perturbation in Punjab provided the Sikh community the chance and motivation to research the traditionally restricted patterns of trade and concern. The rise of terrorist act combined with the forced in-migration of the Hindus by the Sikh Aroras ( who were subsequently themselves driven out from the small towns by the Sikh Jats ) furthered the Khalistan Movement. Gradually though, the local community withdrew support and settled into the new system that Punjab was get downing to follow. In retrospect, it was this eventual deficiency of ideological committedness among those â€Å" contending the conflict for the Sikh state † as it was being articulated by the urban middle-class ideologists of the motion in media or the academe that led to the attenuation of the Khalistan motion. Another brewing issue of recent times which caught the attending of the state has been down South in the province of Andhra Pradesh. Telangana is one of the least developed parts in India. Rampant poorness, illiteracy, malnutrition, child labor, husbandman self-destructions, unemployment, H2O scarceness and electricity deficit are some of the major jobs of this part. However, these comfortss are non the lone issues blighting Telangana today. Google Telangana and one will happen links to the communist-inspired battle of the 1940s and 1950s and the breakaway agitation of 1969-70 or the one in advancement. While there is no nexus at all between the battle and the agitations, it is going progressively clear that Telangana Maoists hope to mount on the separationist bandwagon to foster their ain cause. On a side note, what truly upset me is the function of media or deficiency thereof with this full issue. The English media that finds it boring to describe the issue beyond a point, has led to dilution of consciousness about the extent of this battle. Inadequate representation from the lower class/caste, does non give it the importance it deserves. An mean Indian today will non be as cognizant of the Telangana issue as he would be of the 26/11 bombardments, which is non to state that the incidents are comparable. My point is that at some degree it is the media that ends up make up one's minding what kind of attending an issue will or will non acquire, which is why the function of responsible news media becomes much more of import. Conversely, what one notices is a fractured and lopsided position of most things – be it the Telangana or the Naxalites. The job in Andhra Pradesh today is in portion caused by the non-implementation of the assorted agreements reached at the clip of the 1969-70 agitation by consecutive authoritiess. One can debate that if a Telangana Regional Committee with a separate budget and program had been created at that point, things would non hold come to such a base on balls today. Few today believe that the jinni of segregation can be put back in the bottle, given the mode and graduated table in which it has been unleashed. The environment today is far excessively charged with emotion. Though it might sound simplistic to reason so, the issue needs to be dealt in a manner that covers the justification of Telangana exhaustively because a separate Telangana will certainly take to demands of other new provinces. So if in instance Telangana as a separate province is formed, it needs to be justly justified sing all facets. However, even if the province has to be bifurcated, every political leader in Telangana has the duty of quieting piques so that rational thoughts and solutions resurface. If non, more than anyone else, it is the common man, the people of Telangana who would endure. The agony of the common man has become a regular motive in India. Just like the people in the North East. The Seven Sisters of the North-East part of India viz. Mizoram, Nagaland, Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, Arunachal Pradesh and Manipur are connected to the remainder of India by a narrow strip of land known as the Siliguri Corridor or Chicken ‘s Neck. Even though the seven provinces are a portion of India, the people of these provinces are treated as aliens. Much of the part is notably different from the remainder of India, ethically and linguistically, and each province has its civilizations and traditions distinct from the others. It is home to more than 166 separate folks talking a broad scope of linguistic communications. Some groups have migrated over the centuries from topographic points every bit far as South East Asia ; they retain their cultural traditions and values but are get downing to accommodate to modern-day life styles. Each province in the North East has a sep arate ground and cause for insurgence. Some groups call for a separate province, others for liberty while some utmost groups demand nil but complete sovereignty. The provinces have accused New Delhi of wholly disregarding their issues. It is this feeling that has led the indigens of these provinces to seek greater engagement in self-governance. There are bing territorial differences between Manipur and Nagaland and a uninterrupted rise of insurrectionist activities and regional motions in the other provinces as good. The insurgences in the north-east have ever been of grave concern to the unity of India as a whole but ne'er came to the head in full force or were ne'er seen as an issue which needed to be dealt with immediate concern. Although away late, the authorities has sat up and taken notice of the north-east particularly because 98 per centum of its boundary lines are aligned with other states doing these boundary lines porous and unsafe. It is of import that if the boundary lines are being shared by states particularly with China, that the range for development and substructure is bettered in the part. As a consequence, new policies are being developed among faculty members and politicians where 1 is looking at the North-east for development ties with political integrating and economic integrating with the remainder of India. These issues are non mere socio-political inquiries but issues that have had a cavernous impact on the public ‘s perceptual experience of the thought of a state. India has made it. At first glimpse, India must look like a state pullulating with jobs – on the brink of a putsch even. What is maintaining the state glued together? It is the Indian on the street. There is integrity in the absence of order and forbearance in convulsion. The Indian has a strong sense of patriotism and belonging. When the people from Kutch and Kalimpong meet, they put their custodies together and state Namaste. This is India, the state that made it.

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Inequality of Sexual Orientation - Essay Example They are common terms that are used by teenager without understanding the real meaning of the word. According to the author, the use of these words on someone is attributed to some of the characters that the person exhibits that can be linked to the real construction of a gay person in the society. The author shows that if one if short or too tall, too fast or too skinny, one becomes a target by others in school and will always be referred to in bad words. This means that there are some contractions by the society which leads people to identify someone with some kind of sexual orientation unlike others. However it has been shown that most of the young people use these words in two different ways. First they can use these words for derogatory purposes and second they can be used for purpose of sexual orientation. Although schools have put in place hard polite to deal with the use of these world, they usually face a hard time in trying to curtail the use of the words (Cass, 1999). The use of antigay languages is therefore linked not to the real aspect of student being gay but is it used for the about two purpose. When use for general derogatory remarks, anti gay words generally lead to a lot of emotional strain for student. This is because it leads the student to think how the other is seeing them though it is not what they are. In case an inequality in these sense that student start to think that they are gay while in the actual sense they are not. But when it used for the purpose of sexual orientation, it shows that there are some particular characteristics that the person is bearing that rely can be closely associated with the gays even if they may not be gay themselves. In the other case about the Indian Muslim woman, the author also gives a number of factors that can be attributed to be the main causes of inequality due to sexual orientation. The other brings our the social constitution of a Muslim woman in which it is shows that Muslim women in a hijab for example ill not be considered as a first class citizen but would be relegated below man. The author brings this kind of construction to show how the Muslim society sees the position of a woman in the society. This is a sexual orientation that puts women below men. That author brings out a struggle scenario where we have the woman tiring to find a new sense of identity in another society. It is shown that the women in this case are living in two different works which result from the way the society has constructed the perception of woman. The Indian Muslim is faced with the reality of living a double standard life which is actually a conflicting world between Muslims and the American society. The American woman is not the same as the Indian Muslim though they are living in the same society (Bollough, 1996). The feminist construction in the western world and in Islam results to a sharp conflict between the two worlds with a high level of inequality. The Muslim society has a different construction of a good woman and the western societies well has a different consorting of the same woman. The inequality between the tow sides comes in the fact that the Muslim society wants a woman who lives by the standards dictated by the religion

Social Entrepreneurship, Innovation and the Changing Ethics of Essay

Social Entrepreneurship, Innovation and the Changing Ethics of Organisations - Essay Example It has tried to depict that organisations can act mutually i.e. make profit as well as develop society. Implications and Value The study puts forward an understanding of social entrepreneurship which initiates social transformation and addresses significant social requirements which cannot be conquered by direct monetary welfares of entrepreneurs. In order to succeed in fulfilling social objectives, social entrepreneurs should develop new methods for reducing the costs of business operations and production. Social entrepreneurs can also develop joint ventures with other organisations so that they can increase the value in the society. Table of Contents Abstract 2 Objectives 2 Approach/Method 3 Findings Summary 3 Implications and Value 3 Introduction 5 Context and Background 6 Literature Review 8 Theories of Entrepreneurship 8 Social Enterprise 9 Issues of Social Entrepreneurship 9 Social Entrepreneurs and Innovation 11 Social Entrepreneurship and Changing Ethics of Organisations 12 D ata & Methods 13 Analysis Framework 14 Case of Rough Trade Music Company 16 Case of TOMS Shoes 19 Findings and Discussion 24 Recommendations 26 Conclusion 28 References 29 Bibliography 34 Introduction Since the traditional Greek era, entrepreneurs have been appreciated for their significant involvement to the economy of a country. In present times, entrepreneurs are similarly appreciated and often observed as possessing high willingness behaviour to succeed. Entrepreneurs make selections and conduct activities which impact on people’s life. Their decision can reinforce or deteriorate the future of organisation’s upcoming business possibility (Hannafey, 2003). In present days, the social entrepreneurship has evolved... The paper tells that since the traditional Greek era, entrepreneurs have been appreciated for their significant involvement to the economy of a country. In present times, entrepreneurs are similarly appreciated and often observed as possessing high willingness behaviour to succeed. Entrepreneurs make selections and conduct activities which impact on people’s life. Their decision can reinforce or deteriorate the future of organisation’s upcoming business possibility. In present days, the social entrepreneurship has evolved which leads to the formation of new social enterprises and constant revolution in existing organisations. Social entrepreneurship is a multidimensional concept linking the countenance of entrepreneurially virtuous performance to accomplish the social duty, a comprehensible agreement of determination and act in the face of ethical complexity. It is the capability to identify social value-creating occasions and crucial decision making powers for innovati veness, reactiveness and risk-taking behavior. Social entrepreneurship is regarded as innovative and market based tactics reinforced by the passion for social fairness. It is the creation of individuals, organisations and systems that challenge traditional organisational structures resulting insufficient facility or inadequate sharing of social and environmental products. The concept of social entrepreneurship starts with the term ‘entrepreneurship’ where the word social essentially transforms the aspect. Social entrepreneurship is the blend of passion, social duty with an appearance of business based discipline, innovation and willpower.

A Study on the Effect of De-Selection on Elite Youth Footballers Essay

A Study on the Effect of De-Selection on Elite Youth Footballers - Essay Example The entrants to the scholarship program were from the best players between age 16 and 19. Each of the participants performed two interviews. Each interview averaged a time of sixty minutes. The interviews were conducted in locations of their choice. The interviews did not follow a tight schedule; instead, they were reflexive with provisional themes prepared moments before the interviews. The role of the interviewer was to enable the interviewee to narrate his tale in his own manner. Thus, the interviewer was an active listener. The interviewer stored each interview in an audiotape and transcribed before another interview took place. The interviewer pursued emerging issues in the next interview. After the accumulation of the data, the researchers analyzed it by reading the transcripts with the view of identifying narrative segments and themes in the transcripts. They then followed this with writing analytical memos to provide links to common themes. The researchers followed these iden tical concepts in the next meeting. From the data obtained, the researchers were able to reconstruct the lives of the correspondents before and after their de-selection. The methodology used and justification for its use. ... 572). In the interpretive biography, researchers begin by finding written documents and other records. Some may be of a quantitative nature, but it is relevant if it helps describe a person’s life. Nevertheless, the main material in this research emanates from the numerous interviews the researcher has with the respondent. Of most interest, are events that led to a remarkable change in the respondent’s life. The researcher may want to visit the actual place where the event occurred. After this, the researcher tries to decipher the meaning of those events in the respondent’s life. The researcher may rely on his impression about the event. The interpretive biography method involves the use and acquisition of documents pertaining to a subject’s; personal life, accounts and narratives that elucidate on significant milestones in a person’s life. The central focus of the interpretive biography method is a person’s life experiences (Lewiss-Beck & Br yman 2004, p. 507). The use of the biographical method has its basis on the argument that, those who lived are the only ones who can know their lives. Alternatively, through their representations, which include stories and personal narratives among others. The meaning of these events is only visible in the performances of those who lived those lives. According to Thomas Murray 2003, researchers design biographies to serve several functions. One of the purposes is to preserve a record of a prominent person’s development and contributions. Another purpose is to correct mistaken identities. It can also serve to teach readers lessons through another person’s life or to trace public and private actions of the subject in view of finding

Study on the below clearing houses Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

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UAE Culture and Society Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 2

UAE Culture and Society - Research Paper Example trong implications on the culture and social life of people living in a country, during the pre-oil days the culture and economy of United Arab Emirates can be classified as a desert economy marked by Bedouin lifestyle and culture. Farming was very scarce due to unavailability of water and was only done near oasis. Pearling and sea trading were the most important sources of income of the people living in this area of the world in the middle of the 20th century. The various aspects of Arab culture were very prominent in the culture of the United Arab Emirates because of strong bondage with the other countries of the Arab world. In order to analyze the culture of a country, we have to know the location and geography of the country because these things have strong implications on the culture and lifestyle of the people of a country. United Arab Emirates is located on the Persian Gulf and shares borders with Saudi Arabia, Qatar and Oman. The area of the country is distributed among the seven emirates in a very non-uniform way. 85% of the total area of United Arab Emirates falls in Abu Dhabi and Ajman has a size of equal to a small city. Oases are randomly scattered throughout the desert area of United Arab Emirates and mountains of Hajar which run throughout the country also have a barren topography. The overall climate of UAE can be classified as hot and dry in winter and very hot and humid in summer. United Arab Emirates has a very small population and thus the income and resources per capita are very high. The health care conditions, nutrition levels and living conditions were very poor during the pre-oil times, therefore a marked increase in population was observed after the discovery of oil. Better facilities not only resulted in an increase in the population growth rate of the native population, the development of infra structure created a lot of job opportunities and labor class from various countries of Asia moved to United Arab Emirates, resulting in a mild

Music for image Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Music for image - Essay Example Numerous theories are used in the film, The Golden Age which takes into account background music into to create emotions and rhythm for the film. In most and other cases, the emotion and rhythm is not always noticeable since it creates a tone for emotions or feelings for the characters and images used in the film. Moreover, in the film, music is used to over shadow change in mood for images and characters. An example is that dissonant music can be integrated to signify an approaching change of scenery or situation which is not visible for menace or disaster. Composers who have greatly influenced my piece include John Adams and James MacMillan whom am utmost indebted for gleaning from a lot of small but crucial compositional ideas. Nevertheless, I have listen to music by other composers who have written for film.These include: John Williams and Michael Giacchino, Ennio Morricone, Malcolm Anold Joe Hisaishi amongst others. The Golden Age is a constantly changing film that heads towards a particular goal,much the same way a piece of minimalistic music flows rhythmically gradually reaching its goal.The purpose of all these is not to interfere with the quality of the film,but to accord the audience more enjoyment space as they experience the ethereal and atmospheric changes in the sound and image. Thus creating a more natural synchronies of these two elements. In the film the Golden Age, background music in the film is used to assist viewers to understand the different linking of the film like scenes, images and others. An example is that the film for example uses particular music for known characters or situations by repeating them at the start or commencement of the situation. Its main purposes in the film are that it reminds the audiences of the motifs or ideas used in the film and their actual meanings. The film sound in the Golden Age is also comprised of numerous conventions and innovations. An example is that it has become quiet

Lafayette and the American Revolution Essay Example for Free

Lafayette and the American Revolution Essay He devoted himself, his life, his fortune, his hereditary honors,halls towering ambition. His splendid hopes, all to the cause of liberty. Quince Adams once said about the Marquis De Lafayette. America would not have won the war without the help of Lafayette because he was an advisor and confidant to George Washington, he was a general that successfully led the soldiers, and he helped end the war and sign the treaty. The Marquis De Lafayette assisted George Washington throughout the Revolutionary War. When Lafayette first came to America, Washington was expecting IM to be a loud mouthed teenager. Surprisingly, the complete opposite of what Washington expected. Five days after Lafayette arrived, he got the chance to have dinner with George Washington. Almost instantly, they became friends, and from that point on, their friendship grew quickly. This friendship was much different than Washington many other relationships. In fact, people questioned how Lafayette got so close to Washington and how he got Washington to trust and rely on him In such a crucial time period to America. Some of Lafayette biographers have come up with a hurry that Washington saw Lafayette as the son he never had, and Lafayette found In Washington his long-lost father. Lafayette helped him even when It came to Just boosting up his confidence. He once said, In my idea George Washington is the greatest man; for I look upon him as the most virtuous. They also functioned well together; they would plan attacks together and give each other feedback on what could be improved. One of George Washingtons generals, George Than Bilabials explained, Lafayette avoided the factions Jealous of Washington because he agonized that Washington was the Revolution and that should be reduced In power or replaced, the whole cause would collapse. Lafayette saw this and immediately respected Washington for it. Due to Lafayette relationship with George Washington, he was able to become a commander with the help of of his new friend and general. Lafayette had never been in combat until he came to America; Just three months after his arrival, he had his first battle. He stood strong for a nineteen year old on his first mission towards the freedom of America at the Battle of Brandywine. His leg was wounded, but he did not seek any medical treatment until after an orderly retreat was organized. His bravery and actions In this battle led him to become a major general over Adam Stephens division. He was part of many successful battles and led his troops well. In Virginia, in the year of 1781 , Lafayette conducted hit-and-run guerrilla operations against forces and shadowed the army of Cornwallis. Later, Washington sent Lafayette and 2,000 troops just outside Philadelphia to be clear about the British intentions. The British mound this out and sent 5,000 troops to capture General Lafayette. Luckily he was very good at keeping his troops In line which let him hastily and skillfully extract his command to Washington. He did not just fight in battles, but Lafayette and Nathaniel Greene also went to Rhode Island to aid the colonists and expel the British from the colony. Not only did he come to fight, but he helped with funding. Lafayette served with no pay, and actually paid the equivalent of more than $200,000 of his own money for the salaries, uniforms, and other expenses for his staff and Junior officers. Along with helping in the war, Lafayette helped end it and sign the treaty. This was major thing he assisted with. If he wasnt there they would not have won the last battle in Yorktown. He was able to get there earlier than the rest of the American force, so he spied on Britain and figure out some of their plans. Once Washington and everyone else got there, he helped set up plans that led to an unbelievable battle that led the Americans to victory. He said, Humanity has won its battle. Liberty now has a country. Lafayette had learned to love America and was happy hey had finally got the chance to have their own country in the end. The King and his father-in-law were against him helping and would not help him get there, so he acquired his own ship to travel to America. He was very grateful he went through all the trouble of helping this new country. When he traveled back to France, he helped convince the king in 1779, to send the French fleet north from the Caribbean to fight the British, as well as send more troops other places. By getting the French to Join, they were able to get so far into the war because France had the troops and money hey needed. This led up to them winning so many battles and soon the war. Lafayette got his friend Evergreens, from France, to help with the ending of the conflict between the two rivaling countries. America needed a loan and Lafayette convinced Evergreens to grant it to them. This got them the money for the treaty with Britain. Washington reported these efforts to Congress, saying, During the time he has been in France he was uniformly manifested the same zeal in our affairs which animated his conduct while he was among U. S. , and has been, upon all occasions, an essential friend to America. If Lafayette had not helped America in this heroic battle, we would not have won the American Revolution. He was a confidant to George Washington in all his complications. Though he had not been in any sort of combat until he came to help in the Revolutionary War, but yet he was able to learn profoundly fast and be a great general and leader to his troops that he managed. John Quince Adams addressed to the U. S. Congress, He came to another hemisphere to defend her. He became one of the most effective champions of our independence.

Bulding Suspense In Spielbergs Jaws Film Studies Essay

Bulding Suspense In Spielbergs Jaws Film Studies Essay The music is played when the shark comes in distance and closer to the beach. First the music very slowly and when it gets louder and louder we feel like the shark is coming. This sound is like a theme of the film, which makes everyone to keep attention to the film. This type of music is Non-Diegetic music. This gives the audience that they are below the sea imagining the shark is waiting for them. If the shark be revealed straight away, it would destroy the whole story. Stephen Spielberg wants to build suspense by suspense to create the film attentive to it audience. One technique is that the music is used to build up the tension. Example Write here. Stephen Spielberg uses long shot to show this and cover all the details in the proof to show what happened. Second attack was quite different. It is the attack of the little boy whose name was Alex. He swam in his inflatable lilo away from the rocky sand to the sea. When he was there the shark attacked him. We know this by looking from the music and fins coming out from the shark. The camera angles builds up the tension and suspense to show like we are looking from the angle of shark and when the attack happened from the distance it shows people to show exact how the boy was attack. The Director builds up the fear of the shark by making music devious and dangerous like you get on the horror film. Director uses music like dun, dun sound/music that makes you follow the shark on its trail. You will follow the music as well as you are looking from the shark perspective. On this second attack he uses lots of close-up shots of the boy to show off the detail. The camera shot tracking is shown as though as you are shark and following the boy on his lilo. Jump cut is shown to take close shot of the people by cutting people shot one by one. After that camera moves into a close-up of the boy, who is now lying on a yellow lilo. Brody continues to look at the water, which raises tension. When we look around the beach we see yellow objects; umbrella, bathing suits, towels and a boys lilo. This is because yellow associate with fear because most of the warning signs have yellow sings like a hazardous sign. As the camera films the shore, we see a man wearing a yellow shirt playing with his dog. Moments later when he was playing fetch with his dog pippin, pippin goes missing. Dog is nowhere to be seen but only a stick floating on the surface of the sea. This is known as a camera focused, focusing on the stick only and usually called Miss -en- scene. There is no music being played, audience dont know whether the shark came again or the dog run off somewhere along the beach. This creates suspense as well as a fear. Director use number of techniques to build up fear of shark in numerous. At the first attack, Spielberg doesnt reveal the shark so audience will use their imagination a visual picture in their mind of what the attacker looks like. Tension is increased by the music factor. It is played in fast tempo and played in slow and silent way. At the second attack he builds fear for the characters by making a fin visible in the ocean surface bed. This may be first time the audience and characters in the story seen the shark and able to come to decision about first and second attack. Spielberg uses lot of camera techniques as well as music to create the suspense during the story. We hear shark music dun dun sound to tell us that the shark is coming. The music is like a heartbeat which makes louder and louder as it represent mainly shark. The music is like theme or symbol that represents the shark in the film. This is how Spielberg uses the film to become more tense and interesting. As we get to shark, we expect shark to attack or we know it is lurking quite close. Spielberg structured the film so that first and second attacks are together each other. First he kept audience alert at the first attack then continues to build fear and tension at the second attack which we see a boy in his lilo and dog goes missing. Broodys predicted that first attack was done by shark. Most of the films there is some kind of hero. In the film hero is Brody. In first attack he was the male actor to spot the theory of the shark and we were side of him. At the third attack, tension increased after a smaller shark had been killed and it was been killed by two people. But Brody thinks that the shark is too small to bit the people and this tells us more tension is about to come. This third attack is difference by manipulating others. In this attack Spielberg chose Broodys son as an alone poor child. First two attacks were involved strangers, now in the third attack its the Broodys son being involved because this has an effect on Broody. Its the last section of the film which has more tension than any other part. Whereas two attacks had been occurred in beach but now they will be out in sea to catch that killer shark in a small boat. They are fearful because they suddenly remembered that shark will be gone forever. After the investigation team have found a size of the shark, they become more afraid and couldnt believe the size of it. It putting a dramatic suspense on now because the team now realised that they now need a bigger boat to kill the shark. Now the suspense begins and audience knows that shark is going to hunt and maybe eat them. Spielberg made sure the small boat was involved to create that fear, tension and suspense. At the very last, Tension decreased because Broody kills that shark for last blowing the audience remains on seat though out the rest of the film.

Kurt Cobain & Jim Morrison - Poets Of A Generation :: essays research papers

Kurt Cobain and Jim Morrison were more than leads of great bands. They were heros of their generations. They had so many talents and each influenced a multitude of people. Aside from being singers and song writers Kurt was also a musician, guitarist and mass-media phenomenon, and Jim was also a poet, film maker and writer. Their groups also had about a twenty year span in between them. Even though it seems you could not compare them you actually can. Unlike fictional writers their material comes more from their life experiences and feelings. Even though it was different things that affected each one you can still see a pattern of similarity between their lives. They both experienced hardships in their lives and also a few unexpected turns. There was a massive amount of stress put on their lives because not only did they have to worry about what they wrote but also what they said. Live performances were constantly being taped, there were interviews and television shows and specials, newspaper and magazine articles, and also public appearances. To them this also had to become a form of artistry. The publicity and fame that comes to band is far greater than any that would come to just one single writer. This was also a factor in their writings and maybe even in their tragic deaths. Influences for their writings came throughout there whole lives. Even as far back as childhood. Kurt was very damaged from his parents divorce. He once said "I had a really good childhood up until I was nine, then a classic case of divorce really affected me."(www.downer.com quotes) He also confesses " I used to try to make my head explode by holding my breath, thinking that if I blew up my head, they'd [mom and dad] be sorry."(www.downer.com quotes) In a song "Serve the Servants" from In Utero he talks about this by saying " I just want you to know that I/ Don't hate you anymore/ There is nothing I could say/ That I haven't said before/ Serve the servants-oh no/ That legendary divorce is such a bore" As for Jim, he grew up in a military family. His father was in the navy. They were constantly moving and Jim's dad was frequently not home. Jim seemed to grow a lack of respect for his family and authority. In an early fact sheet Jim claimed his f amily to be dead.

A Comparison of Ginsberg and Kerouac Essay -- comparison compare contr

A Comparison of Ginsberg and Kerouac   Ã‚  Ã‚   The 1950s saw a period of great material prosperity in the United States. After World War II G.I.s came back to take charge of the family again. Women no longer had to work and could return to the home to nurse their newborn babies. Housing, automobiles, and white picket fences were in high demand. Televisions became commonplace, making possible the rapid distribution of visual information- not to mention the sitcom. McCarthy had started to purge the U.S. of those pesky Communists, ensuring a democratic future for all. While the blacks, of course, could not realize it, virtually everyone else saw the fulfillment of the American Dream.    In their writings of the mid-1950s, Allen Ginsberg and Jack Kerouac describe an America recently converted to the religion of the T.V. Ginsberg witnesses and records big blue Buicks in driveways of identical box houses. With Walt Whitman he watches whole families peruse the peaches in late-night supermarkets. Conversely, Kerouac describes a spiritual journey that takes him back and forth across the U.S. Both Ginsberg and Kerouac use Buddhist ideals and methodology to criticize the current state of American society. They seek after a more honest and equal American Dream.    Ginsberg and Kerouac are an interesting comparison because of their unique symbiotic relationship. Not only was each a literary influence on the other, but they actually appear in each other's works. In Ginsberg's "Sunflower Sutra," he and Kerouac sit between a railroad and a river to watch the sun set over San Francisco. Kerouac points out a sunflower, and Ginsberg begins one of his mystical visions ...    The primary image in the poem is a ... ...g to live in a real world. He does what he can, and gives the rest up for port wine.    Kerouac and Ginsberg envisioned a dream that no one can live up to. Like everyone else, they are good at telling you what's wrong, but cannot come up with the right answer nearly as quickly. From the evidence of the texts, I would give Kerouac more credit than Ginsberg, because he was less hypocritical and made his best attempt at reaching his spiritual goal. Ginsberg, however, definitely did his part in pinpointing the errors of a generation. Consequently, all are Holy and Beautiful.    Works Cited Ginsberg, Allen. "Sunflower Sutra." Howl and other Poems. San Francisco: City Lights, 1956. Rpt. in The New American Poetry. Ed. Donald M. Allen. New York: Grove Press, 1960. 179-181. Kerouac, Jack. The Dharma Bums. New York: Penguin Books, 1976.

James Cameron Essay -- essays research papers

James Cameron was born in Kapuskasing, Ontario in Canada August 14 (16) 1954. His family later moved to Chippewa Falls near Niagra Falls. James Cameron was during his youth years always very fascinated with movies. He was mezmerized when he saw Stanley Kubrick’s 2001: A Space Odyssey, and he drew himself crazy trying to figure out how they had shot that film. Cameron also wrote sci-fi stories and fantasized a lot instead of doing his school work. It was actually during one boring biology class that Cameron wrote a short story which would later become the movie The Abyss. When Cameron was 17, his family moved to Orange County, California because of his fathers job. When Cameron moved to Orange County he learned that getting a career in movies might not be the easiest job to obtain. He let the hope of becomming someone in the movie business fade and he started studying physics and english at a local university. He later dropped out of both studies because the math in the physics course had been to hard for Cameron to deal with. James Cameron got a job as a miniature model maker at the Roger Corman Studios. The Roger Corman Studios were studios that made B-movies. They were fast and cheap productions, and none of the people working there were professionals so Cameron fit right in. He quickly moved up the ranks in the studio, jumping from one movie to another. Cameron worked as art director on the sci-fi movie Battle Beyond the Stars, he did special effects work and direction on John Carpenter’s Escape from New York. It wasn't until 1981 when Cameron got his first shot at directing. It was an Italian producer named Assonitis who was to make a sequel to the movie Pirahna. It was going to be called Piranha 2: The Spawning. Assonitis wanted a debut director because it would be the cheapest, and the director would not question Assonitis cutting in the film. The movie was terrible of course, it had a bad cast, lousy effects and Assonitis was always on Cameron’s back. Assonitis kept telling Cameron that the shots looked like shit (crap), and when the main shooting ended he would not allow Cameron to edit the movie. This made Cameron mad, he knew that the movie was bad, but it was his movie, and he wanted to edit it himself. So Cameron broke into the editing room with a plastic card. The movie was shot in Italy and Cameron could not speak Italian, so he did not... ... was not until the production of Terminator 2: Judgment Day that the effects were shown in their true colours. Another great thing is that James Cameron writes very entertaining stories that are particuarly good for movies. With great action and great characters that are unique. Cameron's movies are action movies, but they have other qualities too. For example Cameron uses a lot of messages in his movies. In the Abyss there is a message from an alien saying that all people should live in harmony, and in Terminator 2 - Judgment Day Linda Hamilton is ending the movie with this clever sentence, "If a machine can learn to respect a human life maybe we can too". These are the kind of messages which make Cameron's movies just a little bit better. James Cameron is not afraid to reject his feminin side. In the movies there are always strong, independent women who guide the male hero (if there is one) through the movie. In Cameron's movies the women are essential, and they always steal part of the picture, if not all of it. Examples are, Linda Hamiton in Terminator 2 - Judgment Day, Sigourney Weaver in Aliens, Jamie Lee Curtis in True Lies and of course Kate Winslet in Titanic.

Rizal Chapter 22

ZAMBOANGA CITY STATE POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE COLLEGE OF EDUCATION R. T. Lim Boulevard Zamboanga city Name: ___________________________ Date: ______ Year and Section: __________________Score: ______ Midterm Examination in Civil Technology 1 Test 1: Multiple Choice Direction: encircle the letter of the correct answer. 1. This is a kind of saw that is used for ripping purposes a. crosscut saw c. rip saw b. miter sawd. dovetail saw 2. The kind of chisel with a light duty tool used to plane long surfaces parallel with the grain of the wood. a.Paring chiselc. Pocket chisel b. firming chiseld. Mill chisel 3. A chisel with heavy duty tool adopted to withstand severe strain, as in framing work and where deep cuts are necessary. a. pocket chiselc. Paring chisel b. firming chiseld. Mill chisel 4. The kind of saw that is being used for crosscutting purposes. a. miter sawc. Rip saw c. dovetail sawd. Crosscut saw 5. A kind of rough facing tools which is generally used for sharpening stakes and cutting down timber to rough sizes. a. ship adzec. Hatchet b. broadd. Claw hammer 6.The other name for smooth facing tools is? a. driving toolsc. Rough facing tools b. tooth cutting toolsd. Edge cutting tools 7. The plane that consist of 28 to 30 inches long is the? a. jointer planec. Fore plane b. jack paned. Smooth plane 8. A classification of tools that are specially design to make hole in wood. a. tooth cutting toolsc. Smooth cutting tools b. boring tools d. Edge cutting tools 9. It is a kind of plane that is being used for making a sinking cut on wood to make them fit to each other. a. rabbet planec. Grooving plane . fillister planed. Router 10. This is a kind of boring tools which is small and used for punching or piercing small holes. it is generally used in starting a nail or screw into hardwood. a. brad awlc. Auger b. gimletd. Cutter bit Test 11: Modified True or False Direction: Write the word true if the answer is true, and change the underline word of the statement if the answe r is false. Write your answer on the space provided for. 1. Vice is a table tool used to hold a piece of material rigidly secured in place to absorb severe elbows. _____________ 2. Compass is used in dividing distances into equal parts such as an arc and circumference including straight lines. ___________ 3. Scriber is made up of hard ended steel with a sharp point design to mark a fine lines. __________ 4. Clamps is effective in tightly pressing pieces of wood or metal together in making tenon, mortise and other joints. _________ 5. Fillester plane is used in cutting across the wood grain. _________ 6. Claw hammer is a hand tool with head and shank used for turning screws. ________ 7.Wrenches are tools with hand and jaw which may be fitted to the head of the nut used to tighten or loosen the bolts. __________ 8. Oil stone is used after the grinding operation to achieve a smooth and keen edge of the tools. ________ 9. Rough facing tools are also called striking tools. _________ 10. In carpentry we use Level both for guiding and testing the work to a vertical or horizontal position. _________ Test 111: Fill in the blank Direction: Choose the correct answer on the box and write it in the blank.Strength Hardness Durability Cleavability Wood Lumbering Skidding Bucking Board Heart Shakes| 1. The defects in wood that is usually occur at the starting point of the limb or branch Of the wood is called the ___________. 2. The _________ are radial cracks originating at the heart of the logs. 3. We used the term _________ to the operation performed in preparing wood for commercial purposes. . The process of sawing into smaller pieces after the removal of the branches is what we called the _________. 5. Te term ________ means that pieces of logs are moved to an assembly area, loaded to transport equipment then carried out of the forest to a sawmill. 6. As applied to wood, ________ means the ability to resist decay or simply the end of its life under a given condition. 7. T he resistance of the wood to cleavage along the grains is the _________. 8. ________ is expressed as resistance to indentation or to the saw or axe across the grain. . A ________ is a fibrous substance which composes the trunk and branches of a tree that lies between the pitch and the bark. 10. In the preparation of wood, ________ is a piece of lumber less than 1-1/2 inches thick and at least 4 inches wide. Test 1V: Identification Direction: Identify the correct answer to the statement below. 1. ________ the kind of tool used for marking and testing work which has 90 degree angle. 2. ________ is a tool which has a combination of 45 and 90 degree angle. 3. ________ the longer and wider part of the framing square. . ________ this is the shorter and narrower part of the square. 5. ________ the point of the square which the tongue and body meet on the outside edge. 6. ________ is a device used as guide of the handsaw in cutting objects to form a miter joint. 7. ________ a metal tool use d to check or obtain a vertical line. 8. ________ double bevel square used to divide an angle in a complicated work in one setting. 9. ________ a marking tool with round head used for marking rough works. 10. _______ is a kind of marking tool that is used to inscribe an arc or a circle. Rizal Chapter 22 ZAMBOANGA CITY STATE POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE COLLEGE OF EDUCATION R. T. Lim Boulevard Zamboanga city Name: ___________________________ Date: ______ Year and Section: __________________Score: ______ Midterm Examination in Civil Technology 1 Test 1: Multiple Choice Direction: encircle the letter of the correct answer. 1. This is a kind of saw that is used for ripping purposes a. crosscut saw c. rip saw b. miter sawd. dovetail saw 2. The kind of chisel with a light duty tool used to plane long surfaces parallel with the grain of the wood. a.Paring chiselc. Pocket chisel b. firming chiseld. Mill chisel 3. A chisel with heavy duty tool adopted to withstand severe strain, as in framing work and where deep cuts are necessary. a. pocket chiselc. Paring chisel b. firming chiseld. Mill chisel 4. The kind of saw that is being used for crosscutting purposes. a. miter sawc. Rip saw c. dovetail sawd. Crosscut saw 5. A kind of rough facing tools which is generally used for sharpening stakes and cutting down timber to rough sizes. a. ship adzec. Hatchet b. broadd. Claw hammer 6.The other name for smooth facing tools is? a. driving toolsc. Rough facing tools b. tooth cutting toolsd. Edge cutting tools 7. The plane that consist of 28 to 30 inches long is the? a. jointer planec. Fore plane b. jack paned. Smooth plane 8. A classification of tools that are specially design to make hole in wood. a. tooth cutting toolsc. Smooth cutting tools b. boring tools d. Edge cutting tools 9. It is a kind of plane that is being used for making a sinking cut on wood to make them fit to each other. a. rabbet planec. Grooving plane . fillister planed. Router 10. This is a kind of boring tools which is small and used for punching or piercing small holes. it is generally used in starting a nail or screw into hardwood. a. brad awlc. Auger b. gimletd. Cutter bit Test 11: Modified True or False Direction: Write the word true if the answer is true, and change the underline word of the statement if the answe r is false. Write your answer on the space provided for. 1. Vice is a table tool used to hold a piece of material rigidly secured in place to absorb severe elbows. _____________ 2. Compass is used in dividing distances into equal parts such as an arc and circumference including straight lines. ___________ 3. Scriber is made up of hard ended steel with a sharp point design to mark a fine lines. __________ 4. Clamps is effective in tightly pressing pieces of wood or metal together in making tenon, mortise and other joints. _________ 5. Fillester plane is used in cutting across the wood grain. _________ 6. Claw hammer is a hand tool with head and shank used for turning screws. ________ 7.Wrenches are tools with hand and jaw which may be fitted to the head of the nut used to tighten or loosen the bolts. __________ 8. Oil stone is used after the grinding operation to achieve a smooth and keen edge of the tools. ________ 9. Rough facing tools are also called striking tools. _________ 10. In carpentry we use Level both for guiding and testing the work to a vertical or horizontal position. _________ Test 111: Fill in the blank Direction: Choose the correct answer on the box and write it in the blank.Strength Hardness Durability Cleavability Wood Lumbering Skidding Bucking Board Heart Shakes| 1. The defects in wood that is usually occur at the starting point of the limb or branch Of the wood is called the ___________. 2. The _________ are radial cracks originating at the heart of the logs. 3. We used the term _________ to the operation performed in preparing wood for commercial purposes. . The process of sawing into smaller pieces after the removal of the branches is what we called the _________. 5. Te term ________ means that pieces of logs are moved to an assembly area, loaded to transport equipment then carried out of the forest to a sawmill. 6. As applied to wood, ________ means the ability to resist decay or simply the end of its life under a given condition. 7. T he resistance of the wood to cleavage along the grains is the _________. 8. ________ is expressed as resistance to indentation or to the saw or axe across the grain. . A ________ is a fibrous substance which composes the trunk and branches of a tree that lies between the pitch and the bark. 10. In the preparation of wood, ________ is a piece of lumber less than 1-1/2 inches thick and at least 4 inches wide. Test 1V: Identification Direction: Identify the correct answer to the statement below. 1. ________ the kind of tool used for marking and testing work which has 90 degree angle. 2. ________ is a tool which has a combination of 45 and 90 degree angle. 3. ________ the longer and wider part of the framing square. . ________ this is the shorter and narrower part of the square. 5. ________ the point of the square which the tongue and body meet on the outside edge. 6. ________ is a device used as guide of the handsaw in cutting objects to form a miter joint. 7. ________ a metal tool use d to check or obtain a vertical line. 8. ________ double bevel square used to divide an angle in a complicated work in one setting. 9. ________ a marking tool with round head used for marking rough works. 10. _______ is a kind of marking tool that is used to inscribe an arc or a circle.