The President Wants You to Organize Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The President Wants You to Organize - Term Paper Example The article also depicts the upcoming of Lewis , the future leader of the labor party with a unique and powerful personality .Here the caption â€Å" The President wants you to organize â€Å" relates to the slogan spread by Lewis to his fellow workers working in coal mines in an attempt to work out their freedom. It conveys the message that ,the president wants to see a union of labor of coal miners across the country. Here the author is trying to say or argue that rich and powerful will always try to subordinate or exploit the poor and helpless. Here the indication is on the coal miners who are working in the unfavorable conditions with a meager wages and inferior facilities. Here the emphasis is on the President’s demand for unity among workers to gain power and freedom in their profession. Here the author is saying that the president wants to see unity among coal miners so that they can get facilities. The author is arguing about the truce between the industrialist and the labor class. The author is saying the in order for the laborers to bargain or demand; they should form a legal union .Labor’s right and freedom is the main content of this chapter and the call for unity is originating from the President. Along the chapter the author is projecting the fight of labor class for better wages and living circumstances against all odds. Here the chapter starts with the Presidents call for all skilled and unskilled workers to unite in an attempt to demand their human rights and freedom. Here the chapter explains the negativism in the life of coal mining labors and their struggle to earn decent wages and comfortable living situations. Unfortunately, all the authority lies under the strong and cruel hands of the industrialist. Here, Lewis is one personality who comes up front to assist the coal miners in formulating a labor union where in they can bargain for their human rights. The chapter explains about the will power and motivation of Lewis in

Experiences of divorced women versus divorced men Research Paper

Experiences of divorced women versus divorced men - Research Paper Example Because gender differences are constructed and reflected in daily interaction, the experience of marriage is quite different for men and women. The same is likely to be true of divorce.† (Amato, 2004, p.207) It then becomes interesting to look at how divorce affects the two genders. The following passages will argue that despite conventional notions about divorce being more traumatic for women than men, in reality both genders have an equally tough time of it, albeit in different areas. Firstly, statistics released by U.S. Census Bureau shows that while divorce rates hovered around the 2 percent mark during the 1980s, it has shot up to more than 15 percent currently. One should remember that this statistic excludes those people who remarried again. So, if divorce were to be counted even if the current marital status has changed, then a mind-boggling 60 percent of American adults have gone through this painful event in their lives. But since in advanced societies women tend to b e economically independent, they are better able to handle the period post divorce than women in the rest of the world. That women are able to handle the crisis is not to say that their standard of living does not fall. Statistics point out that the responsibility of rearing children can sap away financial resources of the woman, although the ones getting regular alimony stand a better chance of sailing through the crisis. Also, compared to recently divorced men, recently divorced women have less labor force experience, putting them at a disadvantage in availing of job opportunities. (Amato, 2004, p.207) Public support for divorced mothers are also limited, at best offering modest help for a short period of time. As a result of this condition, most divorced women think that the only sustainable solution to their problems is through remarriage, which they usually do within a few years of divorce. Of course, in the case of men, there is no noticeable decrease in their standards of liv ing post divorce. Social adjustment is another area where the genders fare differently. Social acceptance of divorce is gaining ground steadily and today there is less stigma attached to the idea of divorce. But at the same time, in the period following a divorce both men and women are experiencing decreased social support and companionship. This is particularly true if they have custody of children. It is also learnt that there are common problems faced by both divorced men and women: â€Å"Between employment, household management, and child care, single parents have little time left over for establishing and maintaining social networks. Also, divorced people often find that they have less in common with married friends. In addition, whereas married people can draw on the spouse's family for assistance and companionship, divorced individuals typically find that former in-laws withdraw over time. Furthermore, divorced people have a high level of residential mobility which tends to disrupt relationships with neighbors, friends, and community organizations. Overall, divorced and separated individuals report smaller social networks and less social support than do married individuals.† (Amato, 2004, p.208) There is also the important aspect of psychological adjustment post divorce. Divorce can be an emotionally upheaving event and can entail acute emotional distress. Older studies have shown that women are more psychologically affected compared to men,

Outline the key features of utilitarianism Essay Example for Free

Outline the key features of utilitarianism Essay The theory of utilitarianism was developed by and associated by Jeremy Bentham and utilitarianism is a teleological ethical theory where the moral value of an action can be judged by its consequences. Three main philosophers have come up with different types of utilitarianism. Jeremy Bentham introducing Act Utilitarianism and John Stuart Mill trying to improve the flaws that he encountered with Bentham’s theory with his Rule Utilitarianism and lastly, Peter Singer with his preference utilitarianism. Act Utilitarianism is the original and official form of utilitarianism which states that we must on any occasion act in the way which will produce overall consequences better than those that any other act open to us would produce. Therefore, the greatest happiness principle should inform on any act that we undertake. It only focuses on the outcome of the action and not concerned with the motive or intention of the action. Jeremy Bentham, being an hedonist, which he believes that all humans naturally seeks pleasure and tries to avoid pain. He stated â€Å"nature has placed mankind under the government of two sovereign masters, pain and pleasure†¦ they govern us in all we do, in all we say, in all we think. † Therefore, according the Bentham, an action is right if it brought more pleasure and wrong if it produces pain. Once Bentham had established that pleasure and pain were the important qualities to determine the moral values, he then developed the utility principle. The rightness or wrongness of an action is determined by its usefulness. Usefulness refers to the amount happiness caused by the action. The theory is known as the greatest happiness principle which is ‘an action is right if it produces the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people,† believing that this would create happiness, and an intrinsic key to life. The possible consequences of different actions must be measured clearly to establish which option generates the most pleasure and the least pain. He introduced the hedonic calculus to measure the consequences. The Hedonic Calculus has seven different elements which include that intensity, duration, certainty or uncertainty, propinquity, fecundity, purity and extent of an action. Act Utilitarianism states that the principle of utility should be applied to every individual situation. John Stuart Mill saw Bentham’s theory and tried to improve it in his own way which he introduced Rule Utilitarianism. Rule Utilitarianism teaches that we should establish rules based on the greatest happiness principle and then follow these rules. Therefore there is no need to decide the greatest happiness in every situation because following the rules should in general produce the greatest happiness for the greatest number. Individual acts can therefore be judged as right or wrong by reference to the rules. Mill’s basic idea was that pleasure of the mind that spirit were more value than pleasure of the body. He believes that higher pleasures are generally more intellectual pleasures such as learning, reading and so on. Whereas, lower pleasures are more sensual pleasures such as eating, drinking, sex, etc. Therefore, reading a book, learning something new would be far superior and preferable as humans can only experience these. He said, â€Å"it is better to be a human being dissatisfied than a pig satisfied; better to be Socrates dissatisfied than a fool satisfied,† this means that humans are much more capable of experiencing higher pleasures than animals. Therefore, even if humans are dissatisfied their knowledge of such higher pleasure makes their lives better than animals. Rule Utilitarianism can be divided into two sections which is Strong and Weak rule utilitarianism. Strong rule utilitarians always follow these rules no matter what the outcome will be and believe that these rules should never be broken. Weak rule utilitarians however believe that these rules can be broken if more pleasure is produced. Lastly, Peter Singer’s modern version of utilitarianism which is Preference Utilitarianism. Preference utilitarians believe that something is right if it leads the greatest fulfilment of preference for as many as possible. They consider whether a decision is right or wrong by looking whether it fits in with what people would prefer. Peter Singer was concerned about the minorities and felt that they should also be included when considering what is best for everyone. He also believes that animals have preference, not just humans. And this is because they also feel pain and they have a preference to not feel pain.

Communication Diversity and the Human Services Worker

Communication Diversity and the Human Services Worker Communication Diversity and the Human Services Worker Introduction Effective communication is more than just passing information from one person to another, we communicate both verbally and non-verbally (Howard 1991) in addition, we all hunger for contact that is meaningful. A communicator enters into relationships with other people (Gamble Gamble 2008). Healthy communication is essential, we all like to be valued and heard, and it is fundamental to all people from all facets of life and in all sectors of society (Bolton 1987, p. 4). Daily, human services workers encounter a diverse range of people, from colleagues to clients, professionals, and the public. Therefore, responding appropriately is necessary for effective communication to occur. Communication is never neutral (Tyler, Kossen Ryan 2005, p. 26) furthermore, we construct our world view from our own point of view as well as the point of view of the culture or society that we inhabit (Tyler, Kossen Ryan). Hence, there can be barriers to effective communication when class and low socio-economic circumstances are present. There is a tendency for Australians to look down on low-income earners and those receiving government benefits. To some, a low-income earner has less value because the belief is that they are non-contributors to the wealth and growth of Australian society. While this occurs less in the human services industry than in general, none the less it still occurs. Terms used within the community such as dole bludger have a negative connotation, and present difficulties that impact in an unconstructive manner on low income earners who may already be feeling guilty about their inability to find employment. Careless terms, labels, and negative attitudes build resentment, which has consequences that can flow on from clients to their families, whether from ill health, crime, family breakdowns, or drug and alcohol problems. Ineffective communication causes an interpersonal gap that is experienced in all facets of life and in all sectors of societyeven death results when communication breaks down (Bolton 1987, p.4). Covey (1989, p. 239) states, Unless you are influenced by my uniqueness, Im not going to be influenced by your advice therefore, building effective emotional bank accounts (Covey, p. 239) is crucial for successful communication to occur. This essay will address issues that confront human services workers and the challenges they face when working with unemployed people from low socio-economic backgrounds. Situation Australia is supposed to be an egalitarian society but increasingly it is becoming a nation of haves and have nots. The divide between rich and poor continues to expand (Barrett, Crossley Worswick 1999; The Age 1999, cited in Healey 2001). Stratification based on economic and social position is becoming a part of the Australian identity (Hartley 2002). The success of some at the expense of others has also seen growing resentment by those on welfare who see themselves as victims (The Weekend Australian 2000, p. 23, cited in Healey 2001). Hegemony refers to the dominant classes maintenance of social and cultural domination over others (OSullivan et al. 1983). It forces people to hand over their power either consciously or unconsciously by creating a power bloc (OSullivan, p. 102). Government agencies such as Centrelink, job network centres, and training institutions, which in theory are neutral and are there to represents everybody often exercise their power to achieve hidden company outcomes. As the dominant economic class, they look after the interests of the company first and their clients needs often become secondary. Unequal power relationships that influence the manner in which people communicate with each other are easy to develop and difficult to dismantle. The exchange between senders and receivers is an active encounter in which participants frequently occupy positions of unequal power (Kress 1988, p15). Those on the receiving end feel diminished, unheard, and often defensive. Negative stereotypes on both sides are liable to increase, and self-fulfilling prophecies and conflict occurs because of ineffective communication. There is growing concern about welfare dependency and the impact this is having on the economy. There is a shift in government policy, the emphasis now is that those on welfare must accept more responsibility for their economic circumstances (Saunders 2005). Community service workers understand that participation in order to lead a rich meaningful life within the community it is necessary to have a healthy self-esteem. They are aware that social exclusion and unemployment deny people the opportunity to participate (Saunders). Approach Reading body language, paying attention to details and clear effective communication require well developed skills that human service workers need to keep in mind when working with clients. When communication, the life blood of every relationship (Bolton 1987, p. 6) is positive, it creates nurturing fulfilling relationships. As fifty-five percent of all communication consists of body language (Hargie Dickson 2004, p. 46), particular attention to non-verbal communication skills is required. Non-verbal communication such as a sneer, a sense of distain, or body language that is closed, communicates indifference, which can be as damaging as a verbal confrontation. As a human services worker it is essential that the clients your there to assist do not feel ostracised by the agencies assigned to help them. Human service workers must be conscious of non-verbal behaviour, their own and their clients because non-verbal behaviour often contains significant, misleading, and undeclared messages (Baney 2004). How people dress, their posture, eye contact and how they walk all convey meaning, and reveal to the observer a myriad of information. Cultural differences need to need recognition, studies show that African Americans and white Americans gaze in opposite directions when spoken to (Hargie 2006), Indigenous Australians also avoid eye contact. Avoid judgements because for clients to develop a healthy self-concept, judgement does not have to be verbal to be experienced. Judgement is one of the major roadblocks to successful communication (Rogers cited in Bolton 1987, p.17). Most people fear rejection and the surest way to create it in relationships with people is through judgement and criticism. Our sense of self develops through our interactions with others, we are social beings, and developing self-awareness is an important step in understanding ourselves and other people (Gamble Gamble 2008). Our self-concept and self-image is often warped and unbalanced, often how we see ourselves differs from how others see us. Our culture teaches us to repress our feelings, and many people are unaware of what emotionally, is actually occurring inside of them (Bolton 1987). A new counsellor may want to help clients avoid painful emotions, but emotional release encourages healing processes to occur (Geldard Geldard 1998, p. 50). An effective counsellor has the capacity to help their clients to feel what is happening within them, by either understanding what the client is verbally expressing, or transmitting by body language. By assisting clients whose body language maybe conveying feelings of inadequacy or inferiority, a human services worker, can bring to their clients attention factors that their clients maybe unaware of, and hence the client can begin to address them. Human service workers must be aware that giving advice can create interfere-iority complex (Bolton 1987, p. 22) and they must avoid giving advice but rather assist clients to find solutions. How something is expressed alters reactions, and those with low self-esteem often expect criticism from others, and possibly will read into statements meaning that was never there (Bolton 1987). Human service workers have the ability to reflect feelings back to the speaker, and are in a position to offer assistance that can and does make a difference in peoples lives. Building self-esteem can mean the difference between employment and continuing unemployment for a client, as a positive relationship exists between career development and the ability to communicate effectively (Bolton 1987, Gamble Gamble 2008). Therefore, human services workers are required to have skills that go beyond those of basic communication. Listening, assertion, conflict-resolution, and collaborative problem solving skills (Bolton 1987) are strengths that assist practitioners successfully negotiate interpersonal communication. As Bolton says low-level communication, leads to ineffectiveness, both at work and in personal communication, consequently by developing effective intercommunication skills it will lead to increased competence in all areas of life. Listening skills are required for successful communication, paraphrasing lets the listener know that you understand what the speaker has said. It allows the listener to comprehend the context of what the speaker said, and therefore the speaker knows understanding has been achieved. Communication skills require empathy and genuineness and need to affirm and validate peoples experiences (Kenny, 1994). Attending skills, following skills and reflective skills (Bolton 1987) are all a part of listening and allow the listener to demonstrate a clear understanding of what the speaker has conveyed. Listening allows a counsellor to bring to the attention of clients the negative self-talk they may use. Clients can then overcome barriers and create for themselves employment opportunities previously denied with knowledge, new skills, and understanding. Conclusion Human service workers are at the forefront in developing new programs aimed at increasing participation within the workforce. They are working for government and job network agencies on programs that address issues such as appearance, attitude, and communication styles. They are aware that sending solutions (Bolton 1987, p.20) rather than assisting clients to come to their own conclusions are barriers to empowerment that could undermine a clients motivation. Eighty percent of people who fail at work do so for one reason: they do not relate well to other people (Bolton 1987, p. 7). Human service workers are adopting principals, with the intention of addressing this problem. They know that with the correct assistance the downward spiral that creates unemployment, class stigma, and low income is reversible. By assisting low-income earners and unemployed people to understand how their verbal and non-verbal cues are preventing them from leading fulfilling lives can help motivate people to change. Methods learnt as a child can be undone and the barriers broken so that they can participate in a meaningful way, to live fulfilling personal and social lives, as well as gaining employment. Skill building workshops, training workshops, and counselling aimed at improving interpersonal relations are a practical solution in assisting clients to gain the skills required to communicate effectively. The flow on from that comes from learning how communication barriers lead to anger, ineffectual and damaging social relationships and that a clearer understanding will empower, and assists the disadvantaged members of society. Creating a ripple effect that will be of benefit to the wider community. Communication is our link to the rest of humanity (Gamble Gamble 2008, p.5), therefore as workers in the human services industry by helping clients to win, ultimately we all share the rewards. References Baney, J 2004, Guide to interpersonal communication. Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey. Barrett, G, Crossley, T Worswick, C 1999, Consumption and income inequality in Australia, Centre for Economic Policy Research, Australian National University Discussion Paper no.40. Bolton, R 1987, People skills, Simon and Schuster, NSW. Covey, SR 1989, 7 habits of highly effective people, Simon and Schuster, New York. Gamble, TK Gamble, M 2008, Communication works, McGraw-Hill, New York. Geldard, D Geldard, K 1998, Reflection of feelings, in Basic personal counselling, Prentice Hall, Frenchs Forest, pp. 49-58. Hargie, O 2006, Skill in practice: An operational model of communicative performance, in O. Hargie (ed.), The handbook of communication skills, Routledge, London, pp. 37-70. Hargie, O Dickson, D 2004, Nonverbal communication, in Skilled interpersonal communication: research theory, and practice, Routledge, London, pp. 43-66. Hartley, J 2002, Communication cultural and media studies, Routledge, London. Healey, J (ed.) 2001, The wealth divide, Issues in Society, vol 141, The Spinney Press, NSW. Howard, G 1991, Can you put it on a t-shirt? David Charles, London. Kenny, S 2007, Developing communities for the future, Thompson, Victoria. Kress, G 1988, Communication and culture, in G. Kress (ed.), Communication and culture, New South Wales University Press, NSW. OSullivan, T, Hartley, J, Saunders, D Fiske, J, 1983, Key concepts in communication, Routledge, London. Saunders, P 2005, Welfare to work in practice, in P.Saunders (ed.), Welfare to work in practice social security and participation in economic and social life, Ashgate, Hants, England, pp. 1-7. Tyler, S, Kossen, C Ryan, C, 2005, Theories of communication, in Communication: a foundation course, Pearson Education Aust., Frenchs Forest, NSW, pp. 16-26.

An Analysis of Moll Flanders Essay -- Moll Flanders Essays

An Analysis of Moll Flanders    The novel is about the realistic experiences of a woman in the underworld of 18th century London. She is anonymous, Moll Flanders being a pseudonym which she adopts when she needs an alternative identity for her criminal life.    She has no family, having been abandoned by her own mother - a transported felon, and her upbringing, education, social position and material well - being are all constantly precarious.    She lives in a hostile, urban world, which allows for no weakness. Social position and wealth are the dominant factors for survival. She has neither and her life is a struggle to achieve both. She is clever and persevering, always alert to opportunity and she survives and becomes rich, although after a life fraught with difficulty, much of it of her own making.    Defoe's novel gives us a clear sense of daily life and the anxieties attendant on economic and social uncertainty and he displays a clear understanding of female specifics, in a criminal world. Defoe himself was an 'outsider'. A Londoner who often had to live by his wits, pursued by creditors and spending time in Newgate prison for debt. His own honesty was at times rather dubious.    He writes accurate social history in a fictional form. The social details in 'Moll Flanders' are very accurate, even those set in Virginia and the novel is also politically and economically structured.    The themes of the novel, in part, are transgression, repentance and redemption, which are to be expected, given Defoe's Dissenting background. Moll's fortunes do not prosper in the 'Babylon' of London, but in Virginia, in the 'New' world. Perhaps Defoe was suggesting, like hi... ...ly innocent, despite her adventures and her chosen lifestyle as a master criminal. Defoe shows us the two sides of her character in constant opposition. On the one hand, she can be thrifty, cold and efficient and on the other, reckless, excited and bold. She is never dull. Again, Defoe makes no moral judgement, but leaves the reader to make his own.    The novel is structured so that we see a series of parodies of tragic situations, which often become almost bizarre in their comic absurdity. Moll sometimes behaves insensitively, or even in a completely callous way, but Defoe's heroine is never contemptible, eagerly thrusting from one experience to the next. The novel has a deep intensity of experience. Moll's emotions, too are mixed and unstable, but she always recognises and articulates them, even if she does not show complete understanding of them.

sathf Satire of The Grangerfords and Pap :: Adventures Huckleberry Huck Finn Essays

Satire of The Grangerfords and Pap In Mark Twain’s novel, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, the Grangerfords and Pap are two of the characters who are used by Twain to condemn civilized society. Twain employs satire to express his belief that â€Å"civilized† society is neither moral, ethical, nor civilized.   Exaggeration, stereotyping, and irony are used throughout the story to satirize and to expose the Grangerfords as the typical southern aristocrats and pap as the typical drunken â€Å"white trash.†      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   After a ferryboat accident, Huck seems to lose his slave companion Jim after coming ashore. Huck then is introduced to Buck Grangerford (about the same age as Huck) and is allowed to stay in the Grangerford household. The Grangerford family consists of Buck, who is a young adventurous boy, Emmiline, a fourteen-year-old who was dead girl, Bob, Tom, Miss Charlotte, and Miss Sophia. The Grangerfords showed all the signs of being upper class by having an extremely nice house, acting properly, and each member of the family had their own servant. Eventually it becomes apparent to Huck that the Grangerfords are feuding with a neighboring household, the Sheperdsons; this seems to be the central angle Twain uses to satire.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The chapters dealing with the Grangerford and Sheperdson feud allow Twain to satire aspects of civilized culture. The main aspect he satirizes is the feud itself. The Grangerfords being the representatives of civilization, Twain reveals the senseless brutality and needless slaughter involved in their arbitrary concept of honor. For Twain, such a feud goes against his common sense and anything that violated his common sense was crazy. The feud has gone on so long hat the people don’t even know why they are fighting; yet, embedded in the feud are artificial concepts of civilized behavior. For Example, Mr. Grangerford tells Buck that he shouldn’t shoot from behind the bush but he should step out into the road to kill a Sheperdson. Also there is a sense of irony because why would such a civilized family be in a feud that they can’t remember the origin of. Another aspect of it is the Grangeford’s use of hypocrisy. The G rangerfords were â€Å"church goers† and in one sermon given by Mr. Grangerford he speaks of brotherly love, this while feuding with a family for a reason they don’t even remember.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Pap, or Huck’s father, is an excellent example of Twain’s stereotyping, superior characterizations, and his irony. sathf Satire of The Grangerfords and Pap :: Adventures Huckleberry Huck Finn Essays Satire of The Grangerfords and Pap In Mark Twain’s novel, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, the Grangerfords and Pap are two of the characters who are used by Twain to condemn civilized society. Twain employs satire to express his belief that â€Å"civilized† society is neither moral, ethical, nor civilized.   Exaggeration, stereotyping, and irony are used throughout the story to satirize and to expose the Grangerfords as the typical southern aristocrats and pap as the typical drunken â€Å"white trash.†      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   After a ferryboat accident, Huck seems to lose his slave companion Jim after coming ashore. Huck then is introduced to Buck Grangerford (about the same age as Huck) and is allowed to stay in the Grangerford household. The Grangerford family consists of Buck, who is a young adventurous boy, Emmiline, a fourteen-year-old who was dead girl, Bob, Tom, Miss Charlotte, and Miss Sophia. The Grangerfords showed all the signs of being upper class by having an extremely nice house, acting properly, and each member of the family had their own servant. Eventually it becomes apparent to Huck that the Grangerfords are feuding with a neighboring household, the Sheperdsons; this seems to be the central angle Twain uses to satire.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The chapters dealing with the Grangerford and Sheperdson feud allow Twain to satire aspects of civilized culture. The main aspect he satirizes is the feud itself. The Grangerfords being the representatives of civilization, Twain reveals the senseless brutality and needless slaughter involved in their arbitrary concept of honor. For Twain, such a feud goes against his common sense and anything that violated his common sense was crazy. The feud has gone on so long hat the people don’t even know why they are fighting; yet, embedded in the feud are artificial concepts of civilized behavior. For Example, Mr. Grangerford tells Buck that he shouldn’t shoot from behind the bush but he should step out into the road to kill a Sheperdson. Also there is a sense of irony because why would such a civilized family be in a feud that they can’t remember the origin of. Another aspect of it is the Grangeford’s use of hypocrisy. The G rangerfords were â€Å"church goers† and in one sermon given by Mr. Grangerford he speaks of brotherly love, this while feuding with a family for a reason they don’t even remember.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Pap, or Huck’s father, is an excellent example of Twain’s stereotyping, superior characterizations, and his irony.

Counseling Service Essay

There are several stages of reflective judgment theory; each stage is divided into three levels. The level is pre reflective, quasi-reflective, and reflective thinking. Pre Reflective stage is the student believes what they hear or what they have seen. Quasi-reflective thinking is when a student makes his own conclusion on an issue and then researches it to find â€Å"truth†. The student will make a decision based gut feelings or just what feels right. At this stage, a student will believe what he wants to believe, however, understand others will have different views and respect that both could be right. Reflective judgment is when a student is able to compare different evidence and opinions and construct solution personally. Possible selves involve a student looking at what he could possibly be in the future. When a student struggle or dismiss the value of education, it can be speculated that his is in the pre reflective stage of the reflective judgment theory. Helping a student move from a lower level into the next level of reflective judgment theory can be challenging but possible. This student who is in stage one, would not value education as much and would consider getting a job rather than an education because they can even though they are capable off concrete thinking but usually believe what they see is and never search for the truth. It is also the stage where students do not research or examine their truth. It is important to guide a student when he is in this stage. It would be beneficial for the student to examine his possible self. If he reflect on where he is and where he could be, he must also reflect on how he will get there successfully. If a student is dismissing the value of an education, he is probably in this stage. In order to move him forward, one must try to encourage him to seek other truths and  research information so that he is able to prepare to infinitely defend his position for all points. If education is unimportant he should have research arguments for and against continued education before giving up on school. Understanding why the student is dismissing the value of education is going to be the key in helping him progress to the next stage off. If he is making a decision based on his possible self, he could be afraid of what he could possible become. One poet wrote that â€Å"Our deepest fear is that we are powerful beyond imagination. It is our light more than our darkness.(Williamson, 1992). Sometimes giving up and not seeing what a person could become is easier than becoming someone that a person is unfamiliar with. An example of this is a young man that has been economically challenged having the opportunity to attend college but because no one in his family has attended college and are still economically challenged. He could dismiss the importance of an education because he feels that his family will think he would look down on him if he betters himself. If he was in the stage five of this theory, he would be able to understand that there are other possible solutions to his problems. In stage five of the reflective judgment theory, the student will be able to understand that everyone have different approach to a situation, and one way is no better than the other. Stage five concept of justification states that beliefs are justified within a particular context via the rules of inquiry for that context. Justifications are assumed to be context specific or are balanced against each other, delaying conclusions (Kail, ). If the student reaches this stage, he would be able to better understand the ramification of his decision. He would understand birth point of view before making a decision. Advancing through the stages of the reflective judgment theory occurs as a person become more educated and mature. As a young adult, it is hard to make good decisions because there is not any information to base his decisions on that is reliable. He believes what he sees and hears, but as he becomes more comfortable in the school environment and learn more, he would be able to make more informed decisions. Relative Judgment Theory allows a person to reflect on the whats, whos, and the whys. However these questions are intrinsically motivation and the answer must come to the asker. This theory allows the most undereducated person to the advance student the oppurtinuty to be informed and responsible for the decision. References Kail, R.V., & Cavanaugh, J.C. (2010). Human development: A life-span view (5th ed.). doi: 1009-0001-161F-00001620. Williamson, M. (1992). A return to love. Reflections on the principles of a course in miracles. Harper Collins.